THE INFLUENCE OF SPRING AND FALL TEMPERATURES ON THE AVOIDANCE RESPONSE OF JUVENILE ATLANTIC MENHADEN,BREVOORTIA TYRANNUS,EXPOSED TO SIMULTANEOUS CHLORINE-δT CONDITIONS1

ABSTRACT: The avoidance response of groups of juvenile Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, was evaluated by exposing test species to a range of simultaneous total residual chlorine (TRC) (0.00, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 mg/L) and elevated temperature (0, 2, 4, and 6°C) conditions simulating power plant discharges. This species was tested at both 15 and 20°C to determine possible effects of acclimation temperature on the avoidance response. These temperatures were selected to represent spring or fall thermal conditions when most East Coast power plant facilities initiate power plant chlorination in the spring or terminate the use of this biocide in the fall. An unbalanced 3-factor factorial design was used to develop response surface avoidance models at 15 and 20°C. The model developed at 15°C showed: (1) an increase in avoidance occurred at all δT conditions as TRC increased from 0.00 to 0.05 mg/L; (2) a greater degree of avoidance occured at TRC concentrations above 0.05 mg/L at all δT conditions; and (3) TRC was the most important term inflencing avoidance. The model for Atlantic menhaden at 20°C showed: 1) avoidance increased with increasing TRC concentration at each δT condition; (2) avoidance did not necessarily increase with increasing δT's at each TRC concentration; (3) greatest avoidance occured at 0°C δT and 0.15 mg/L TRC; and (4) TRC was the most important term influencing avoidance. There was a significant difference (p < 0.00001) between avoidance models at 15 and 20°C. However, when extreme conditions of 0.15 mg/L TRC and 0–6°δT were compared, the degree of avoidance responses (percent time in control area) was similar.     

短柱气相色谱法研究焚烧炉飞灰上萘的氯化反应及其产物

本文用0.3mBenton-34/OV-1短填充柱气相色谱法研究了萘在焚烧炉飞灰上的氯化反直产物,实验表明,飞灰表面性质对氯化有促进作用,这种促进作用与飞灰的来源或表面性质有强烈关系,文中对有关分析方法和萘在焚烧炉飞灰上氯化反应的结果作了讨论。     

中晚期垃圾渗滤液的处理研究

垃圾渗滤液的处理一直是近几年污水处理领域的热点和难点问题。采用“吹脱-SBR-混凝沉淀-氯化”处理工艺对中晚期垃圾渗滤液进行实验研究，确定了各工艺的最佳运行参数，并对SBR的强化进行了新的探索。结果表明，该工艺可使垃圾渗滤液的COD值从1360mg／L下降到93．6mg／L，BOD，值从320mg／L降低到28mg／L，NH3-N的值从1098．6mg／L下降到16．1ms／L，出水色度接近无色，处理效果良好。     

氯消毒过程中水中色氨酸产生THMs和HAAs的特征研究

以氨基酸为代表的溶解性含氮有机物在水源水中广泛存在,成为制水工艺消毒副产物的主要前体物之一.选取色氨酸（Trp）为含氮前体物模型,考察了其在消毒工艺中产生受控消毒副产物的途径及影响因素.结果表明,Trp氯化过程经取代,脱羧,水解等一系列反应,可生成卤乙酸（HAAs）,三卤甲烷（THMs）等消毒副产物.THMs和HAAs的生成量随加氯量增加;随接触时间的延长逐渐增加.温度的升高,HAAs的生成量先增大后减少;碱性条件有利于THMs和HAAs的生成.氯胺消毒和遮光条件下可明显减少THMs和HAAs的产生.     

操作条件及水质对海水氯消毒过程中消毒副产物生成的影响

氯消毒广泛应用于海水利用的预处理过程中,以减少生物膜淤积,而消毒过程会导致各类消毒副产物(DBPs)的生成,可能会对海洋生态环境具有潜在危害。系统研究了操作条件和水质对海水氯化消毒过程中生成三卤甲烷(THMs)、卤乙腈(HANs)和卤乙酸(HAAs)的影响。结果表明,氯投加量对DBPs生成的影响最大,随着投氯量的增加,THMs、HANs和HAAs的生成量显著增加,在反应初期随反应时间的延长而增加,随后HANs和HAAs的生成量开始缓慢降低而THMs基本保持不变。随着温度升高,THMs的生成量稳步增加,而HAAs和HANs在分别达到30,25℃后生成量达到最大值,之后随温度的升高而降低。p H对THMs、HANs和HAAs生成的影响相反,在酸性条件下HANs和HAAs的生成量最多,而在碱性条件下THMs的生成量最多。THMs、HANs和HAAs的生成量随溴离子浓度的改变无明显变化,但是随着氨氮浓度的升高,THMs、HANs和HAAs的生成种类和生成量均有明显降低。     

Bromate ion formation in dark chlorination and ultraviolet/chlorination processes for bromide-containing water

Bormate （BrO3^-） is a carcinogenic chemical produced in ozonation or chlorination of bromide-containing water. Although its formation in seawater with or without sunlight has been previously investigated, the formation of bromate in dilute solutions, particularly raw water for water treatment plant, is unknown. In this article, the results of bench scale tests to measure the formation rates of bromate formation in dilute solutions, including de-ionized water and raw water from Yangtze River, were presented in dark chlorination and ultraviolet （UV）/chlorination processes. And the effects of initial pH, initial concentration of NaOCl, and UV light intensity on bromate formation in UV/chlorination of the diluted solutions were investigated. Detectable bromate was formed in dark chlorination of the two water samples with a relatively slow production rate. Under routine disinfecting conditions, the amount of formed bromate is not likely to exceed the national standards （10 μg/L）. UV irradiation enhanced the decay of free chlorine, and, simultaneously, 6.6%-32% of Br^- was oxidized to BrO3^-. And the formation of bromate exhibited three stages： rapid stage, slow stage and plateau. Under the experimental conditions （pH = 4.41-11.07, CCl2= 1.23-4.50 mg/L）, low pH and high chlorine concentration favored the generation of bromate. High light intensity promoted the production rate of bromate, but decreased its total generation amount due to acceleration of chlorine decomposition.     

折点加氯法脱氨氮后余氯的脱除

焦化废水是指用煤制焦炭、煤气净化和焦化产品回收等焦化过程中煤中的吸附水及热反应的生成水冷凝后生成的。废水中含有高浓度的酚、氰、氨氮和多种有机化合物。A／O法处理焦化废水,脱氮效率受湿度等因素影响,变化较大,采用折点加氯法对水中氨氮进一步脱除,可使氨氮浓度降至10mg／L。本文在实验室条件下,根据已获得的氯投加量、pH值、搅拌及反应停留时间等最佳反应条件的基础上,探讨折点加氯法的处理效果,以及最佳的废水处理浓度,并寻求活性炭、焦炭脱除余氯的最佳条件,最终提出适合北方地区焦化废水的系统脱氮方案。     

污水中溶解性有机物组分特性及其氯消毒副产物生成潜能

以城市污水厂二级出水为研究对象,采用大孔吸附树脂将污水中溶解性有机物分离成亲水性物质、疏水酸性物质、疏水中性物质和疏水碱性物质4个组分,分析了各组分的有机物特性、三维荧光光谱特征和氯消毒副产物生成潜能.结果表明,亲水性物质和疏水酸性物质分别占水样中溶解性有机碳的33%和30%,其中亲水性物质相对含有较多的生物源腐殖质类物质,疏水酸性物质相对含有更多的芳香族蛋白质和溶解性微生物代谢产物类物质.氯消毒后,亲水性物质的三卤甲烷生成潜能分别为630.4μg.L-1,占污水三卤甲烷生成潜能的73.7%.亲水性物质和疏水酸性物质的卤乙酸生成潜能分别为644.6μg.L-1和123.2μg.L-1,是污水氯消毒副产物的主要前体物.     

医药品和个人护理用品(PPCPs)类污染物氯化转化行为研究进展

针对水处理过程的消毒环节,着重探讨了医药品和个人护理用品(PPCPs)等新型环境污染物在氯化消毒过程中发生的转化行为,并分别针对酚类、醇类、醚类、酮类、胺类等典型结构化合物的氯化转化规律进行了归纳总结.同时,对消毒副产物所引起的潜在环境风险、健康效应进行了评述,为研发、优化该类污染物的处理工艺、提高风险管理水平提供科学依据.     

废裂化催化剂中镍去除的研究

本文采用浸取法,硫化氧化法,硫化氯化法工艺进行去除废裂化催化剂中镍的研究。并对各工艺的运行条件,去除效率及可行性进行了分析比较,为工业化再生利用废裂化催化剂提供了一科学依据。