The occurrence of disinfection by-products in the drinking water of Athens,Greece

Application of chlorination for the disinfection of drinking water results in the formation of a wide range of organic compounds, called disinfection by-products (DBPs), which occur due to the reaction of chlorine with natural organic materials. The occurrence of DBPs was studied in samples from four drinking-water treatment plants (WTPs) and from the distribution network of Athens, Greece. Twenty-four compounds, which belong to different categories of DBPs, were monitored, including trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), haloketones (HAKs), chloral hydrate (CH) and chloropicrin (CP). Sampling was performed monthly for a period of two years, from three different points at each WTP and from eight points atthe distribution network. Samples were analyzed by GC-ECD methods, which included pretreatment with liquid-liquid extraction for volatile DBPs and acidic methanol esterification for HAAs. The results of the analyses have shown the presence of disinfection by-products belonging to all categories studied in all water samples collected after prechlorination. The major categories of DBPs detected were THMs and HAAs, while the other volatile DBPs occurred at lower concentrations. The concentrations of DBPs did not in any case exceed the maximum contaminant levels (MCL) set by USEPA and WHO. However, monitoring these compounds needs to be continued, because their levels could increase due to changes in the quality of water entering the water treatment plants. Reduction of the concentrations of DBPs could be achieved by optimization of the chlorination conditions, taking into account the effect of time. Moreover, research on alternative disinfection methods (e.g. ozone, chlorine dioxide, chloramines) and their by-products should be conducted to evaluate their applicability in the case of the drinking water of Greece.     

紫外诱导氯化法处理偏二甲肼废水

研究了紫外诱导氯化法处理偏二甲肼废水,通过比较实验获得了较佳的工艺条件.结果表明,此法在pH值为5的条件下,采用紫外光诱导氯气氧化偏二甲肼,能有效处理偏二甲肼等肼类物质.     

哈尔滨土壤提取液中的卤代前驱物

通过连续过滤方法和实验室氯化，臭氧化实验研究了哈尔滨地区土壤提取液中天然有机物的卤代活性以及不同的形态天然有机物的差异，比较了氯化和臭氧化条件下的卤代烃生成量及处理后的7日卤代潜力，研究结果表明，在数分钟的氯化实验中，憎水有机物，腐殖酸类化合物和非腐殖酸类亲水有机物的单位有机碳卤代烃生成量分别为1.46,0.35和4.03μg/mg(C），而7日卤代潜力则分别为6.6,57.2和40.6μg/mg(C)，可见其差别不仅表现在热力学文献，而且反应在反应速率方面，在本实验条件下，臭氧化能够降低大约水样的一半卤代潜力。     

Chloroacetic acids in environmental processes

The fate of chloroacetic acids (CAA) in forest soils was studied using radio-indicator methods. We showed that chloroacetic acids are both microbially degraded and simultaneously formed by chloroperoxidase-mediated chlorination of acetic and humic acids. The degree of biodegradation of chloroacetic acids in soil depends on their concentration. Dichloroacetic acid (DCA) is degraded faster than trichloroacetic acid (TCA). Chlorination of acetic acid led to a fast formation of dichloroacetic acid, whereas chlorination of humic acids gave rise to trichloroacetic acid. Both processes lead to a steady state in soil, participate in the chlorine cycle and possibly also in decomposition of organic matter in forest ecosystems.     

Seasonal variation effects on the formation of trihalomethane during chlorination of water from Yangtze River and associated cancer risk assessment

For the system of water samples collected from Yangtze River,the effects of seasonal variation and Fe(III) concentrations on the formation and distribution of trihalomethanes (THMs) during chlorination have been investigated.The corresponding lifetime cancer risk of the formed THMs to human beings was estimated using the parameters and procedure issued by the US EPA.The results indicated that the average concentration of THMs (100.81 μg/L) in spring was significantly higher than that in other seasons,which ...     

Influencing factors and degradation products of antipyrine chlorination in water with free chlorine

Owing to its low cost, free chlorine is one of the most common disinfectants for wastewater and drinking water treatment. However, the formation of disinfection byproducts has been found to occur after free chlorine disinfection in recent decades. Antipyrine (ANT), an anti-inflammatory analgesic, has been frequently detected in the aquatic environment. In this work, the removal efficiency of ANT by free chlorine oxidation in ultrapure water was investigated with batch experiments. The influencing factors on the removal of ANT were explored at initial concentrations of ANT from 0.04 to 0.64 mg/L, free chlorine dosage from 0.30 to 1.31 mg/L, and pH from 1.5 to 9.0. The main degradation products were identified by solid phase extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that ANT reacted rapidly with free chlorine in ultrapure water systems and up to 90.6% removal efficiency of ANT was achieved after 25 sec (initial free chlorine 1 mg/L, ANT 0.5 mg/L, pH 7.0). Higher oxidant dosage, lower ANT initial concentration and low pH favor the ANT removal. The main degradation product in ANT chlorination was a monochlorine substitution product (4-chloro-1,2-dihydro- 1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one), which can be further chlorinated by free chlorine. In addition, the total organic carbon result indicated that ANT is difficult to be mineralized using chlorine.     

氯消毒和紫外消毒对城市污水处理厂二沉池出水中粪大肠菌群耐药性的影响

为考察城市污水处理厂消毒方式对出水中细菌耐药性的影响,使用二沉池出水进行氯消毒和紫外消毒试验. 选择AMP(氨苄西林)、TET(盐酸四环素)、CIP(环丙沙星)和CHL(氯霉素)作为典型的抗生素,研究消毒前后粪大肠菌群耐药率的变化. 结果表明:当水中ρ(有效氯)在0~1.0mg/L范围内增加时,粪大肠菌群对AMP和CIP的耐药率都有所升高,而对TET的耐药率却呈下降趋势. 当使用1.0mg/L氯消毒之后,粪大肠菌群对AMP、TET、CIP、CHL的耐药率分别为35.1%、5.6%、62.3%、0. 粪大肠菌群对AMP、TET和CIP的耐药性在氯消毒后会逐渐恢复. 氯消毒后48h,粪大肠菌群对AMP、TET和CIP的耐药率均高于消毒前. 在较低的紫外辐照剂量 (约16mJ/cm2以下)范围内,随着紫外辐照剂量的升高,粪大肠菌群对多种抗生素的耐药率均有降低,而较高的紫外辐照剂量则可能导致粪大肠菌群耐药率升高.      

复合混凝剂混凝-超滤-氯消毒处理模拟原水的研究

采用聚合氯化铝-聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PAC-PDMDAAC)复合混凝剂处理腐殖酸-高岭土模拟水样,对混凝出水进行超滤处理,研究了混凝剂投药量及进水pH值对处理效果的影响;出水用NaClO溶液进行了氯消毒实验,用一级模型进行了氯衰减数据拟合,计算得出了快速反应物与慢速反应物的初始浓度.结果表明,在要求出水中消毒副产物前驱物浓度最小的前提下,混凝与混凝-超滤所要求的投药量及进水pH值有所不同.混凝过程中残余絮体的粒径分布显示,残余絮体的粒径较小且分布集中时,混凝出水中消毒副产物前驱物浓度最低;残余絮体的粒径在粒径较小的区域有一定的分布,在粒径较大的区域有较高体积百分数时,混凝-超滤出水中消毒副产物前驱物浓度最低.     

高锰酸盐复合剂对三卤甲烷生成形态的影响

研究了高锰酸盐复合剂(PPC)对腐殖酸氯化过程中三卤甲烷生成量及生成形态的影响.结果表明,高锰酸盐复合剂氧化增加了腐殖酸氯化过程中三卤甲烷生成量和水样的卤代活性,增加了腐殖酸氯化的反应速度,在PPC投加量为0.75mg·l~(-1)时,卤代活性由原来的18.1μg·mg~(-1)升至26.6μg·mg~(-1).Br~-的浓度对三卤甲烷生成量及生成形态影响较大,随着Br~-离子浓度增加,三卤甲烷生成量及溴代甲烷的相对含量升高.高锰酸盐复合剂氧化改变了水样加氯消毒时三卤甲烷的形态分布,降低了溴代甲烷在三卤甲烷中的含量.高锰酸盐复合剂与混凝工艺相结合时,可显著降低三卤甲烷的生成量,如高锰酸盐复合剂投量为1mg·l~(-1)时,可使THMs降低到26.3μg·l~(-1).     

污水再生处理工艺中卡马西平的去除过程模拟及其生态风险评价

卡马西平在污水和水环境中广泛存在,且对水生生态系统安全构成风险,因此成为目前研究较多的药品之一。以北京清河再生水厂为例,研究"超滤—臭氧氧化—氯消毒"处理工艺中卡马西平的去除特性,并针对臭氧氧化和氯消毒工艺建立模拟卡马西平去除过程的机理模型。同时,利用美国环境保护署ECOTOX数据库,获取卡马西平对北京市水生生物物种的毒性数据,并基于毒性数据建立物种敏感度分布(species sensitivity distribution,SSD)模型,评价再生水厂出水补给地表水体时卡马西平产生的生态风险。臭氧氧化和氯消毒模型对卡马西平、总有机碳、氨氮等指标的模拟误差总体低于20%,模型的灵敏参数均可以被较好地识别,且其不确定性显著下降。对比7种SSD模型发现,对数正态分布和对数Logistic分布模型较好地拟合了北京市6个物种的卡马西平毒性数据,二者预测得到的总体生态风险期望值分别为7.4%和8.5%。