腐植酸氯化过程中氯仿生成的基础研究

为了研究用氯消毒饮用水过程中产生氯仿等致癌性副产物,进行了采用低分子量腐植酸与次氯酸钠反应生成氯仿的实验,结果表明,在次氯钠浓度,ｐＨ和温度一定的条件,氯仿产量随腐植酸浓度的增大而增加,ｐＨ在７．３－９内,氯仿生成速度最快,ｐＨ大于９时,氯仿生成速率随ｐＨ的升高而下降,氯仿生成量与温度呈正相关关系,腐植酸氯化成氯仿的反应活化能国５１．８ＫＪ,因此设法降低原水中腐植酸含量量降低氯仿含量的有效方法。     

长江水体氯化过程中强致突变物前驱物的筛选

ＭＸ「３－氯－４－（二氯甲基）－５－羟基－２（５Ｈ）－呋喃酮」是饮用水液氯消毒中产生的一种具有强致突变性的副产物,利用一系列ＸＡＤ吸附树脂和大孔离子交换树脂将长江水中的溶解态有机物分离为溶解态腐殖酸类,憎水弱酸类,憎水碱类,憎水中性物类,亲水酸类,亲水碱类６种组分,分别对不同组分的有机物进行氯化处理,用ＧＣ／ＭＳ选择离子峰面积法测定产物中的ＭＸ。     

北京市饮用水中溴酸盐、卤代乙酸及高氯酸盐研究

调查了北京市饮用水厂源水及出厂水中消毒副产物溴酸盐、卤代乙酸及典型污染物高氯酸盐的污染现状,研究了其来源及环境影响因素.结果表明,北京市饮用水中基本不含溴酸盐;含有5种卤代乙酸和高氯酸盐.饮用水加氯消毒是产生卤代乙酸的主要原因.在所调查水厂出厂水中卤代乙酸的平均浓度为42.1～149.5μg/L;其中含氯卤代乙酸占总量的90%以上.5种卤代乙酸的含量顺序为三氯乙酸>二氯乙酸>氯溴乙酸>二溴乙酸>一溴二氯乙酸.饮用水中卤代乙酸受季节影响较大,9月份浓度最高,4月份浓度最低.高氯酸盐主要存在于以地下水为源水的水厂中,受地下水污染影响较大.各水厂出厂水中高氯酸盐含量为0.1～6.8μg/L.饮用水中高氯酸盐在11月份含量最高,7月份含量最低.     

臭氧法在城市污水消毒中的应用

介绍了臭氧在水中的化学特性和消毒的基本原理,通过试验研究了臭氧在城市污水深度处理消毒中的反应过程,认为臭氧在城市污水处理二级出水中的消毒是可行的。     

紫外灭活水中3种致病性曲霉的效能及其光复活控制

以饮用水中常见的3种曲霉(黑曲霉Aspergillus niger、黄曲霉Aspergillus flavus、烟曲霉Asperillus fumigatus)为研究对象,紫外线作为消毒手段,研究其灭活效能与机制及紫外控制曲霉光复活的效果.结果表明,由于孢子尺寸、孢子色素、疏水性的不同,灭活结果存在差异,3种曲霉孢子对...     

再生水消毒副产物的检测、生成与控制

在水资源紧缺的当下,污水再生利用是一项重要的环保战略更是资源战略.消毒能有效杀灭病菌和阻断介水疾病的传播,是保障再生水用水安全的重要手段.然而,消毒剂会不可避免地与水中有机物发生反应形成具有毒害效应的消毒副产物.围绕污水在再生消毒过程中所产生的消毒副产物,针对其检测识别方法、生成条件（前体物、消毒工艺及水质条件对消毒副产物生成的影响）以及控制方法（源头控制、过程控制及末端控制）进行综述.在此基础上,对再生水消毒副产物的未来研究动态进行了探讨,可为保障再生水的安全利用提供依据.     

循环冷却水处理中臭氧的杀菌作用

臭氧作为强氧化剂可以用于循环冷却水的处理中.试验研究了影响臭氧杀菌的基本因素,冷却水的pH和水温对处理效果基本没有影响.臭氧的杀菌能力取决于水中的剩余臭氧浓度,臭氧的消耗量与系统中的微生物数量有关.当水中剩余臭氧浓度为0.05mg/L和接触时间为14min时,可以使臭氧的灭菌力达99%.即在循环冷却水系统中,投加0.05mg/L臭氧,就可以控制系统中微生物的生长.由此确定了循环水处理过程中为控制系统中微生物的生长所需维持的最低臭氧浓度.     

氯化消毒过程对抗生素的降解行为及其毒性效应的影响研究进展

抗生素的大量使用导致其通过各种途径进入到污水处理厂、地表水甚至饮用水源水中.在污水处理厂二级出水排放之前以及自来水的生产和供应过程中,都必须进行氯化消毒处理以杀灭病原微生物.在此过程中,抗生素一方面可能被氯化降解,另一方面也可能转化成毒性更高的降解产物.因此,了解抗生素在氯化消毒过程中的降解行为对于明确其生态和健康风险至关重要.本文在大量文献资料调研的基础上,综述了不同种类抗生素的氯化降解行为及其影响因素,分析了抗生素氯化降解前后的毒性效应,提出了今后研究的方向.     

A photolysis coefficient for characterizing the response of aqueous constituents to photolysis

UV photolysis and UV based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are gaining more and more attention for drinking water treatment. Quantum yield (ø) and molar absorption coefficient (ε) are the two critical parameters measuring the effectiveness of photolysis of a compound. The product of the two was proposed as a fundamental measure of a constituent’s amenability to transformation by photolysis. It was shown that this product, named the photolysis coefficient, k _p , can be determined using standard bench tests and captures the properties that govern a constituent’s transformation when exposed to light. The development showed the photolysis coefficient to be equally useful for microbiological, inorganic and organic constituents. Values of k _p calculated by the authors based on quantum yield and molar absorption coefficient data from the literature were summarized. Photolysis coefficients among microorganisms ranged from 8500 to more than 600000 and are far higher than for inorganic and organic compounds, which varied over a range of approximately 10 to 1000 and are much less sensitive to UV photolysis than the microorganisms.     

Removal of organic matter and disinfection by-products precursors in a hybrid process combining ozonation with ceramic membrane ultrafiltration

The performance of an integrated process including coagulation, ozonation, ceramic ultrafiltration (UF) and biologic activated carbon (BAC) filtration was investigated for the removal of organic matter and disinfection by-products (DBPs) precursors from micro-polluted surface water. A pilot scale plant with the capacity of 120 m³ per day was set up and operated for the treatment of drinking water. Ceramic membranes were used with the filtration area of 50 m² and a pore size of 60 nm. Dissolved organic matter was divided into five fractions including hydrophobic acid (HoA), base (HoB) and neutral (HoN), weakly hydrophobic acid (WHoA) and hydrophilic matter (HiM) by DAX-8 and XAD-4 resins. The experiment results showed that the removal of organic matter was significantly improved with ozonation in advance. In sum, the integrated process removed 73% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 87% of UV₂₅₄, 77% of trihalomethane (THMs) precursors, 76% of haloacetic acid (HAAs) precursors, 83%of trichloracetic aldehyde (CH) precursor, 77% of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) precursor, 51% of trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN) precursor, 96% of 1,1,1-trichloroacetone (TCP) precursor and 63% of trichloronitromethane (TCNM) precursor. Hydrophobic organic matter was converted into hydrophilic organic matter during ozonation/UF, while the organic matter with molecular weight of 1000–3000 Da was remarkably decreased and converted into lower molecular weight organic matter ranged from 200–500 Da. DOC had a close linear relationship with the formation potential of DBPs.