氯灭活地下水源中3种优势真菌的效能与机制

地下水源中真菌大量繁殖会产生嗅味,引发毒性反应以及产生大量肉眼可见的絮状物,严重影响供水水质.以地下水源中3种优势真菌木霉属、青霉属、枝孢属为研究对象,以氯为消毒剂,通过研究真菌孢子胞内物质泄漏,胞外三磷酸腺苷(ATP),脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)和蛋白质增加及孢子形态变化,探明了氯灭活3种真菌孢子的效能与机制.结果表明,氯灭活真菌孢子符合一级动力学,满足Chick模型,3种真菌的耐氯性为:木霉属青霉属枝孢属,真菌孢子尺寸越大,亲水性越强,灭活效果越好.氯灭活后,胞内物质泄漏,胞外特征物质(ATP、DNA、蛋白质)显著增加;氯对细胞表面破坏严重,灭活后真菌孢子凹陷,表面褶皱.综上所述,氯首先作用于孢子表面,降低孢子的可培养性,进一步作用使细胞的通透性屏障受损,导致胞内特征物质释放,以致孢子死亡.     

臭氧对枯草芽孢杆菌孢子的灭活研究

隐孢子虫灭活困难,给饮用水安全带来了挑战。实验以枯草芽孢杆菌孢子(ATCC6633)作为隐孢子虫的指示菌,研究了臭氧浓度、浊度、有机物、温度等因素对臭氧灭活枯草芽孢杆菌孢子的影响。研究表明,臭氧对枯草芽孢杆菌孢子的灭活与CT值相关,臭氧浓度对消毒效果影响较小;降低浊度、有机物含量,能提高臭氧对枯草芽孢杆菌孢子的灭活效率;温度降低,为保证一定的消毒效率,所需的CT值越大。研究结果为水厂合理控制运行参数提供了借鉴。     

轻工业废物处理与综合利用

X791.03 200500502 固定化无花果曲霉对弱酸猩红FG脱色研究/林晓华(浙江省亚热带作物研究所)…//环境科学与技术/湖北省环科院.-2004,27(3).-4—6 环图X-21 采用海藻酸钙法固定不同状态无花果曲霉(Aspergillus ficunm),形成活菌固定化小球和死菌固定化小球。并探讨了活菌固定化小球和死菌固     

大蒜、大葱和洋葱抽提物对产生黄曲霉毒素真菌的抑制作用

<正> 黄曲霉毒素(Aflatoxin)是一种对人有致癌作用的物质。它的产生是与黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)和寄生曲霉(Aspergillus parasiticus)生长相关联的。然而很多食品上都能支持这些真菌生长并合成黄曲霉素。这一问题在高温多雨的地方尤为突出。为了防止黄曲霉毒素对人的危害,寻找一种经济、有效和方便的抑制黄曲霉菌生长的方法是很有意义的。笔者参考国外资料,结合国内中医的经验,利用大蒜、大葱和洋葱抽提物对黄曲霉菌的抑制作用进行了试验,结果表明,它们对该菌的生长是有明显抑制作用的。     

丝瓜瓤固定无花果曲霉吸附活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色研究

利用植物载体丝瓜瓤对无花果曲霉(Aspergillus ficuum)进行固定,并对活性艳蓝KN-R进行脱色研究探讨了固定化菌体的菌龄、pH、温度、菌量对染料脱色的影响.比较了固定化菌体与菌丝球对活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色效果,研究了该固定化菌体的重复利用和动力学实验,并进行了实际废水的脱色研究.结果表明,最佳脱色条件为菌龄3d,温度33℃,pH为6.0,菌量对染料脱色的影响依次为2%＞1%＞0.5%;固定化菌体对活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色效果优于菌丝球,且它对实际染料废水的脱色率均达80%以上;丝瓜瓤固定无花果曲霉对不同初始浓度(25～186mg·L-1)活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色过程遵循二级动力学方程;经6次重复利用后的该固定化菌体,其脱色率仍达80.79%.     

固定化无花果曲霉对弱酸猩红FG脱色研究

采用海藻酸钙法固定不同状态无花果曲霉(Aspergillus ficuum),形成活菌固定化小球和死菌固定化小球。并探讨了活菌固定化小球和死菌固定化小球在不同培养时间、温度、pH、染料浓度等条件下对偶氮染料弱酸猩红FG的脱色效果。试验结果表明:在温度为33℃、pH5.0、转速150r/min的条件下,经48h固定化无花果曲霉可达最佳脱色效果,脱色率达90％以上。固定化活菌的脱色效果明显优于死菌。固定化活菌脱色动力学试验表明:活菌固定化小球对不同初始浓度的弱酸猩红FG的脱色遵循零级反应。活菌固定化小球经3次脱色后能重复利用,脱色率仍达87.2％。     

热区高效石油降解菌降解性能的研究

通过降解成分的差异性筛选混合菌,并分析混合菌对石油的降解效率及性能。以原油、正十六烷和多环芳烃(萘、菲、蒽、芘按10∶1∶1∶1混合)为碳源,从海口近海岸表层(10~20 cm)沉积物中分离纯化出4株降解效率较高的菌种,经染色镜检和分子生物学鉴定,分别是曲霉属(Aspergillus)、希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和毕赤酵母属(Pichia)。结果表明:4种菌等比例混合构建的混合菌在第9天的原油最大降解效率(89.80%)高于单菌株曲霉属(48.24%)。分离得到的菌株具有降解多种石油成分的能力,混合菌中真菌与细菌可能存在协同作用。     

紫外消毒对城市污水处理厂耐药菌去除的影响研究

通过选取假单胞杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌以及芽孢杆菌3种耐药菌作为研究对象,研究紫外光变化对这3种耐药菌的去除效果,得出较好的紫外消毒条件,应用到实际的污水处理厂消毒过程中。结果表明,紫外消毒对3种耐药菌都有很好的灭活效果。     

Aspergillus sp.F-1降解水溶性木质素的研究

目前报道的大多数木质素降解真菌只适用于处理固态的木质素成分。为拓展真菌在液相体系中降解木质素的应用,该文研究了霉菌Aspergillus sp. F-1降解芥子酸、碱木质素等水溶性木质素化合物的性能。研究结果表明:霉菌Aspergillus sp. F-1具有良好的水溶性木质素降解能力,24 h内即可将200 mg/L的芥子酸完全矿化降解,且在温度为30℃、pH=7、摇床转速为150 r/min、NaNO_3作为氮源时,培养5 d后Aspergillus sp. F-1对碱木质素的降解率可达38%。     

微生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选及培养条件优化

从实验室好氧池活性污泥中分离出高效絮凝剂产生菌株Aspergillus M-25,经初步鉴定为曲霉属.通过设计正交实验找出其最大影响因素及最佳条件.实验结果表明,该菌株在查氏培养基培养,初始pH值为5.0,转速为140 r/min和水浴温度为25 ℃的条件下能产生高效絮凝剂,对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率达到97.15%.      

Inactivation and subsequent reactivation of Aspergillus species by the combination of UV and monochloramine: Comparisons with UV/chlorine

Ultraviolet (UV)/monochloramine (NH₂Cl) as an advanced oxidation process was firstly applied for Aspergillus spores inactivation. This study aims to: i) clarify the inactivation and photoreactivation characteristics of UV/NH₂Cl process, ii) compared with UV/Cl₂ in inactivation efficiency, photoreactivation and energy consumption. The results illustrated that UV/NH₂Cl showed better inactivation efficiency than that of UV alone and UV/Cl₂, and could effectively control the photoreactivation. For instance, the inactivation rates for Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus in the processes of UV/NH₂Cl (2.0 mg/L) was 0.034, 0.030 and 0.061 cm²/mJ, respectively, which were higher than that of UV alone (0.027, 0.026 and 0.024 cm²/mJ) and UV/Cl₂ (0.023, 0.026 and 0.031 cm²/mJ). However, there was no synergistic effect for Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus. As for Aspergillus niger, the best synergistic effect can reach 1.86-log₁₀. This may be due to their different resistance to disinfectants, which were related to the size, an outer layer of rodlets (hydrophobins) and pigments. After UV/NH₂Cl inactivation, the degree of cell membrane damage and intracellular reactive oxygen species were higher than that of UV alone. UV/NH₂Cl had the advantages of high inactivation efficiency and inhibition of photoreactivation, which provides a new entry point for the disinfection of waterborne fungi.     

3种不同植物与黑曲霉孢子联合去除水中U（Ⅵ）的研究

为探索降低铀（U）污染的新途径、新方法,选用白鹤芋、观音竹、碎米莎草进行水培实验。对3种不同植物联合黑曲霉孢子去除U（Ⅵ）以及外加碳源、氮源的影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,在12 d的培养期内,白鹤芋挂膜黑曲霉孢子对U的去除能力比其他2种植物要强,去除率高达98.13%。外加碳源、氮源的最佳组合为葡萄糖4 g、硫酸铵0.4 g。同时证明,微生物通过挂膜,联合植物协同修复U污染水体有可操作性。     

紫外线消毒中的光复活作用

近年来,紫外线消毒技术在水处理中得到了越来越广泛的应用,它主要是利用短波紫外对微生物的伤害作用,通过在DNA中形成环丁烷嘧啶二聚体,阻碍基因的正常复制,从而导致细菌失活.但是细菌体内的光裂解酶在远紫外光和可见光作用下能够使失活的细菌重新获得活性,这就是光复活作用.低压消毒设备处理后大肠杆菌表现出了一定的光复活能力,但中压消毒设备能够有效的抑制其光复活作用;而噬肺军团菌在低压和中压设备处理后都表现出了很强的光复活能力.在应用紫外线消毒技术时光复活作用的影响不容忽视.     

UV、O3及UV/O3削减耐药菌和抗性基因性能

从某污水处理厂二级出水分离出粪肠球菌、短芽孢杆菌、假单胞杆菌和大肠杆菌4种耐药菌,通过菌落计数法、qPCR评价UV、O₃及UV/O₃对耐药菌和抗性基因的削减效果.研究表明,3种方式对耐药菌均有较好的削减效果,其中革兰氏阳性菌灭活效果比阴性菌差;对抗性基因的削减受消毒方式和抗性基因的种类影响较大,结果表明短芽孢杆菌在耐药菌和抗性基因削减过程中表现出较强的抗逆性.结合复活实验和扫描电镜发现,UV消毒72h后耐药菌的光复活率为6.93%~11.58%;O₃因破坏了细胞结构未出现光复活现象,这一过程中胞内抗性基因可能释放到环境中;UV/O₃对耐药菌造成的损伤同样具有不可逆性.     

Investigation of UV-TiO2 photocatalysis and its mechanism in Bacillus subtilis spore inactivation

The inactivation levels of Bacillus subtilis spores for various disinfection processes （ultraviolet （UV）, TiO2 and UV-TiO2） were compared. The results showed that the inactivation effect of B. subtilis spores by UV treatment alone was far below that for bacteria without endospores. TiO2 alone in the dark, as a control experiment, exhibited almost no inactivation effect. Compared with UV treatment alone, the inactivation effect increased significantly with the addition of TiO2. Increases of the UV irradiance and Ti02 concentration both contributed to the increase of the inactivation effect. Lipid peroxidation was found to be the underlying mechanism of inactivation. Malondialdehyde （MDA）, the degradation product of lipid peroxidation, was used as an index to determine the extent of the reaction. The MDA concentration surged surprisingly to 3.24 nmol/mg dry cell with the combination disinfection for 600 see （0.10 mW/cm2 irradiance and 10 mg/L TiO2）. In contrast, for UV alone or TiO2 in the dark, the MDA concentration was 0.38 and 0.25 nmol/mg dry cell, respectively, under the same conditions. This indicated that both UV and TiO2 were essential for lipid peroxidation. Changes in cell ultrastructure were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The cell membrane was heavily damaged and cellular contents were completely lysed with the UV-TiO2 process, suggesting that lipid peroxidation was the root of the enhancement in inactivation efficiency.     

次氯酸钠对剑水蚤灭活动力学及紫外强化灭活

水源水体富营养化导致剑水蚤孳生,进入供水系统后威胁供水安全.为高效控制剑水蚤污染风险,通过适当增加NaClO灭活CT值（NaClO浓度与接触时间乘积）范围,系统研究了NaClO对剑水蚤灭活动力学过程,同时探讨了紫外照射对灭活效果的强化作用.结果表明：NaClO对剑水蚤的灭活动力学过程符合迟滞型两阶段准一级动力学过程,灭活反应活化能为3774J/mol;pH值对灭活动力学过程的影响,主要通过改变溶液中HOCl和ClO^-物质的量及其化学稳定性来实现.当灭活CT值超出70mg min/L时,中性条件下NaClO对剑水蚤的灭活效率最高,碱性次之,酸性最差;浊度物质会削弱NaClO对剑水蚤的灭活效果,浊度物质会迟滞NaClO从液相主体向剑水蚤体表边界层的传质过程,被剑水蚤体表吸附后也会阻碍NaClO向剑水蚤体内的渗透过程.紫外照射尽管无法实现对剑水蚤的灭活,但可以强化NaClO对剑水蚤的灭活效果,经紫外照射后,剑水蚤灭活迟滞期消失或缩短,同时灭活反应速率常数增加.当pH值为6、7和8时,紫外照射预处理后,各自灭活反应速率常数分别由0.0093、0.02185和0.0206提高至0.0105、0.02673和0.0286.     

The formation kinetics and control of biofilms by three dominant fungi species isolated from groundwater

Filamentous fungi can enter drinking water supply systems in various ways, and exist in suspended or sessile states which threatens the health of individuals by posing a high risk of invasive infections. In this study, the biofilms formation kinetics of the three genera of fungal spores, Aspergillus niger (A. niger), Penicillium polonicum (P. polonicum) and Trichoderma harzianum (T. harzianum) isolated from the groundwater were reported, as well as the effects of water quality parameters were evaluated. In addition, the efficiency of low- concentrations of chlorine-based disinfectants (chlorine, chlorine dioxide and chloramine) on controlling the formation of fungal biofilms was assessed. The results showed that the biofilms formation of the three genera of fungi could be divided into the following four phases: induction, exponential, stationary and sloughing off. The optimum conditions for fungal biofilms formation were found to be neutral or weakly acidic at 28 °C with rich nutrition. In fact, A. niger, P. polonicum, and T. harzianum were not observed to form mature biofilms in actual groundwater within 120 hr. Carbon was found to have the maximum effect on the fungal biofilms formation in actual groundwater, followed by nitrogen and phosphorus. The resistance of fungal species to disinfectants during the formation of biofilms decreased in the order: A. niger > T. harzianum > P. polonicum. Chlorine dioxide was observed to control the biofilms formation with maximum efficiency, followed by chlorine and chloramine. Consequently, the results of this study will provide a beneficial understanding for the formation and control of fungal biofilms.     

微波无极紫外方法对二沉池出水的消毒研究

采用自制微波无极紫外连续式消毒反应器,对二沉池出水进行消毒.紫外光源为自制圆柱形无极灯,灯内充汞10mg、氩气压强666.61Pa紫外光强5.07mW/cm²,进水流量0.072L/s,出水细菌总数2CFU/mL,大肠菌群数0.微波无极紫外作用过程中,微波破坏细胞壁细胞膜结构使蛋白质、K⁺等胞内物质产生渗漏,这种不可逆的破坏过程有效抑制紫外光复活现象.     

Removal of humic substances by biosorption

Fungal pellets of Aspergillus niger 405,Aspergillus ustus 326,and Stachybotrys sp.1103 were used for the removal of humic substances from aqueous solutions.Batchwise biosorption,carried out at pH 6 and 25°C,was monitored spectrophotometrically and the process described with Freundlich’s model.Calculated sorption coeffcients Kf and n showed that A.niger exhibited the highest effciency.A good match between the model and experimental data and a high correlation coeffcient(R2)pointed out to judicious choice of ...