北京2015年大气细颗粒物的空间分布特征及变化规律

近年来,随着雾霾事件的频发,人们逐渐提高了对雾霾的关注度,PM_2.5作为其首要污染物对大气能见度及人体健康造成了严重影响.因此,本文利用2015年北京12个环境监测站点的PM_2.5、PM₁₀、NO₂、SO₂、CO和O₃的浓度数据和气象数据,综合研究了北京2015年大气细颗粒物的空间变化特征及分布规律.同时,利用空间差异率（COD）统计方法评估了不同地区细颗粒物浓度的差异程度,并结合2015年2次特殊事件（春节和阅兵）,对大气污染特征及其与排放源控制的关系进行了深入对比分析.结果发现,重污染天气集中发生在秋冬季,且污染程度高、持续时间长.城区PM_2.5浓度比郊区高约12 μg·m^-3.东城区与对照区差异最大,COD值为0.24;东城区与西城区差异最小,COD值为0.05.春、夏、秋季颗粒物PM_2.5、PM₁₀浓度日变化较为平稳,在中午有所升高,冬季颗粒物质量浓度明显呈现出夜间高于日间的污染模式.近3年PM_2.5与PM₁₀保持显著的相关性,但PM_2.5/PM₁₀比值呈降低趋势.阅兵期间采取的空气质量管控措施和气象要素共同作用导致PM_2.5浓度下降约72%,市中心的首要污染物为NO₂,郊区首要污染物为O₃和PM₁₀.春节期间烟花燃放对PM_2.5的瞬时贡献量很大,对比春节假期和非假期2个阶段的大气污染特征发现,人口和机动车减少及餐馆暂停营业并没有使北京局地空气质量得到明显改善.该研究结果提示在进行PM_2.5控制的同时也要对O₃浓度有所关注,同时也进一步支撑了北京空气质量改善需要京津冀协同控制这一重要结论.     

Ecological plasticity of nest-building behavior of the redwing (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Turdus iliacus</Emphasis> L.) in Karelia according to individual marking data

The placement of 1918 redwing nests has been analyzed, including 214 nests of 90 marked females (2–8 known nests per female). A high level of intraspecific and individual variation in utilization of different types of nest supports is described. It is shown that redwings choose nest sites without regard to previous experience (either positive or negative) or to the placement of their parent nest. Under conditions of the northern taiga, such behavior provides for significant reduction of chick mortality by the end of the season. This is con- firmed by comparison with the song thrush (T. philomelos), which nests mainly on spruce trees.     

郑州市 PM2．5和 PM10质量浓度变化特征分析

根据郑州市2013年PM2．5和PM10颗粒物连续自动监测数据，对郑州市各国控站点的PM2．5和PM10的达标情况、变化趋势等进行探讨分析。结果表明：2013年郑州市PM10和PM2．5的年均质量浓度均超过了新标准规定的年均值二级标准限值。 PM10和PM2．5月均值峰值出现在1月和10月，谷值出现在8月，各月PM2．5的超标天数都大于PM10。PM10和PM2．5冬季的日均值浓度明显高于其他季节，呈双峰型，夜晚浓度整体高于白天；PM2．5春、夏、秋三季日变化呈单峰型，PM10夏季和秋季呈单峰型，春季呈双峰型。 PM2．5和PM10日均值有着非常显著的线性相关关系，PM2．5和PM10浓度的比值（p）10月最高。     

基于灰色模糊理论的流域水电规划环境影响综合评价

结合模糊优选理论和灰色关联分析方法,提出灰色模糊综合评价法,该方法将灰色关联分析作为优属度确定的隶属度计算方法;提出理想环境序列建立遵循的原则,引入梯形模糊数实现定性指标量化并采用变异系数法确定评价指标权重.应用灰色模糊综合评价法对黄河流域河段水电规划的高坝方案和多级开发方案进行了比选研究,计算了两个方案的优属度及其开发性因子、稳定性因子、保护性因子、经济活力因子、社会可接受因子、环境风险因子等6个指标层优属度,结果表明,多级开发方案总体优于高坝方案;多级开发方案的保护性远好于高坝开发方案,而高坝方案的开发性略好于多级开发方案,稳定性、经济活力、社会可接受、环境风险等因子两种方案比较接近.评价结果与流域实际情况比较符合,证明该方法是一种有效的方法.     

Pollution characterization and diurnal variation of PBDEs in the atmosphere of an E-waste dismantling region

Diurnal air samples were collected from the E-waste dismantling region Guiyu and the underwear industry region Chendian. This was the first report to present the diurnal variation of PBDEs in the atmosphere. The average concentrations of 11 PBDE congeners were 11,742 pg m⁻³ in the daytime, and 4830 pg m⁻³ at night in Guiyu, while the concentrations were lower in Chendian with 376 pg m⁻³ in the daytime, and 237 pg m⁻³ at night. BDE-209 accounted for 22% and 31.3% of the total PBDEs in Guiyu and Chendian, respectively. The diurnal variation trends of BDE-47, -99, -153, -183, and -209 were also analyzed in detail in the two regions.     

华东森林及高山背景区域SO2、NOx、CO本底特征

国家大气背景监测福建武夷山站是中国华东区域背景站点之一，可代表华东森林及高山区域背景状况。为了解该区域的大气背景状况，评估区域污染现状以及污染物输送在区域污染中的作用，选取福建武夷山背景站2011年3月至2012年2月主要气体污染物（SO₂、NO_x、CO）为期1年的监测数据，研究各污染物在不同时间尺度的浓度变化特征和相关关系，以及与气象因子的相关关系，并利用后向轨迹模式探讨区域输送对华东森林及高山背景区域各气体污染物质量浓度的影响。结果表明，武夷山背景点监测期间SO₂、NO_x、CO的平均质量浓度分别为3.9、5.1、409.8 μg/m³，且具有明显的季节变化特征，春、冬季明显高于夏、秋季；三者日变化幅度均很小，呈现出单谷型分布型态，说明武夷山背景点受人为活动的影响很小，主要受气象条件影响；相关性分析结果显示，SO₂与NO_x浓度相关性较好，与湿度有较好的负相关，与风速在冬季具有一定的正相关，NO_x与CO浓度在秋季和冬季的相关性较好，且二者与温度的负相关性较好。后向轨迹分析结果表明，SO₂全年最大浓度峰值主要来自北方采暖季燃煤排放的远距离输送影响，NO_x、CO全年最大值则源于生物质燃烧的远距离输送影响。     

Spatial distribution of perfluoroalkyl acids in the Pearl River of Southern China

An intensive campaign was conducted in September 2012 to collect surface water samples along the tributaries of the Pearl River in southern China. Thirteen perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), including perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs, C4–C11) and perfluorosulfonates (PFSAs, C4, C6–C8, and C10), were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography/negative electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/(-)ESI–MS/MS). The concentrations of total PFAAs (ΣPFAAs) ranged from 3.0 to 52 ng L⁻¹, with an average of 19 ± 12 ng L⁻¹. The highest concentrations of ΣPFAAs were detected in the surface water of the Dong Jiang tributary (17–52 ng L⁻¹), followed by the main stream (13–26 ng L⁻¹) and the Sha Wan stream (3.0–4.5 ng L⁻¹). Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were the three most abundant PFAAs and on average accounted for 20%, 24%, and 19% of ΣPFAAs, respectively. PFBS was the most abundant PFAA in the Dong Jiang tributary, and PFOA was the highest PFAA in the samples from the main stream of the Pearl River. A correlation was found between PFBS and PFOA, which suggests that both of these PFAAs originate from common source(s) in the region. Nevertheless, the slope of PFBS/PFOA was different in the different tributaries sampled, which indicates a spatial difference in the source profiles of the PFAAs.     

北京大气中异戊二烯的季变化、日变化形式及影响因素研究

对2005年北京大气中异戊二烯进行了一年的观测分析。结果表明,异戊二烯体积分数年平均值为0.58×10^-9,月平均值为0.1×10^-9～1.8×10^-9,7月最高,1月最低。春、秋、冬三季,异戊二烯日变化形式呈三峰形,分别在14:00、18:00、02:00;18:00、02:00、08:00;02:00、10:00、16:00出现峰值;夏季异戊二烯体积分数日变化呈现白天高夜晚低且在14:00出现峰值。夏季异戊二烯源排放主要由生物排放控制,其日变化形式受温度、辐射影响大;春季和秋季异戊二烯源排放受汽车尾气和生物排放共同控制,其日变化形式受汽车尾气影响大,温度、辐射也有一定影响;冬季异戊二烯源排放主要由汽车尾气控制,其日变化形式主要受汽车尾气影响。不同季节北京大气中的异戊二烯体积分数日变化形式与PM_2.5浓度日变化形式大致相同。     

长江口潮滩沉积物中活性重金属的空间分异及控制机制

利用盐酸羟氨-25%醋酸溶液，提取了长江口潮滩沉积物中活性重金属含量。研究发现，长江口潮滩沉积物中活性重金属占总量的百分含量依次为Cu 26%，Pb 36%，Fe 7%，Mn 49%，Zn 32%，Cr 14%和Al 16%，沉积物基本未受到Cr污染，其余重金属污染程度处于中等偏下水平。除Zn、Cr外，其余活性重金属在夏季沉积物中的含量明显低于春季，其主要原因是夏季风暴潮将大量细颗粒泥沙及其富集的重金属带离潮滩进入了河口水体中。受点源污染排放及沉积物粒度影响，活性重金属在长江口南岸的浒浦、顾路和浦东机场出现峰值含量，且高潮滩含量明显高于中、低潮滩。在垂向上，重金属一般在沉积物表层或亚表层形成富集。在口门附近的滨岸潮滩沉积物中，Cu、Pb的空间分异主要受早期成岩作用的控制，在污染较为严重、水动力作用相对较弱的潮滩沉积物中，Cu、Pb的空间分异主要受沉积物中有机质含量变化的控制.     

Lorenz Curve and Gini Coefficient: Novel tools for analysing seasonal variation of environmental radon gas

Using a methodology derived from Economics, the Lorenz Curve and Gini Coefficient are introduced as tools for investigating and quantifying seasonal variability in environmental radon gas concentration. While the Lorenz Curve presents a graphical view of the cumulative exposure during the course of the time-frame of interest, typically one year, the Gini Coefficient distils this data still further, to provide a single-parameter measure of temporal clustering. Using the assumption that domestic indoor radon concentrations show annual cyclic behaviour, generally higher in the winter months than in summer, published data on seasonal variability of domestic radon concentration levels, in various areas of the UK, Europe, Asia and North America, are analysed. The results demonstrate significantly different annual variation profiles between domestic radon concentrations in different countries and between regions within a country, highlighting the need for caution in ascribing seasonal correction factors to extended geographical areas. The underlying geography, geology and meteorology of a region have defining influences on the seasonal variability of domestic radon concentration, and some examples of potential associations between the Gini Coefficient and regional geological and geographical characteristics are proposed. Similar differences in annual variation profiles are found for soil-gas radon measured as a function of depth at a common site, and among the activity levels of certain radon progeny species, specifically ²¹⁴Bi deposited preferentially in human body-fat by decay of inhaled radon gas. Conclusions on the association between these observed measures of variation and potential underlying defining parameters are presented.