SPATIAL VARIATION OF PRECIPITATION ON THE TEXAS HIGH PLAINS1

ABSTRACT: Space autocorrelation techniques have been used to reveal the nature and spatial distribution of precipitation in the Texas High Plains. Correlation in precipitation amounts varies with both distance and direction, dropping off rapidly with distance, particularly during the warm season. The analyses can be used to estimate storm characteristics in conjunction with a wide variety of problems dealing with irrigation, crop yields, drainage and water supply, and evaluation of artificial weather modification efforts.     

EFFECTS OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT ON HEAVY RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION1

ABSTRACT: A network of 225 recording raingages was operated over an area of 5200 km² in the St. Louis region during 1971-1975, in conjunction with an extensive investigation of urban effects on precipitation. Study of urban-induced effects on the frequency of heavy rainstorms has revealed a pronounced increase in the occurrence of storms producing 25 mm (1 inch) or more of rain. The increase is greatest in an area that is frequently in the path of storms passing across two urban-industrial regions. Analyses of raincells (rain intensity centers) within heavy convective storms shows a pronounced increase in water yield from cells exposed to potential urban effects, compared with those exposed only to the surrounding rural environment. Naturally-occurring heavy cells tend to undergo the greatest enhancement from urban exposure. Other analyses indicate an above-average frequency of excessive rain rates for periods of five minutes to two hours downwind of the urban-industrial complex. It is concluded that urban-induced intensification of short-duration rainstorms is sufficient to merit inclusion in the design and operation of urban-area hydrologic systems that control the flow of surplus storm water.     

Biodegradability of Quaternized, Crosslinked Sugarcane Bagasse

Quaternized, crosslinked sugarcane bagasse can adsorb anionic dyes from textile wastewater. Disposal of dye-saturated adsorbent by composting or land application would require that modifications made to the bagasse do not interfere with its decomposition. The impact of quaternization and crosslinking on bagasse biodegradability was examined. Bagasse in varying states of modification was mixed with soil and monitored for carbon dioxide evolution for four weeks at 27°C. After subtracting the amount of carbon evolved from control soil samples, the net carbon evolved from the bagasse samples was determined and used as a measure of their extent of biodegradation. Biodegradability decreased in the order: bagasse (approx. 60% degraded after four weeks) > quaternized bagasse > quaternized, epichlorohydrin-crosslinked bagasse > quaternized, methylene-bis-acrylamide-crosslinked bagasse > epichlorohydrin-crosslinked bagasse (less than 5% degraded). Crosslinking severely impacted biodegration, probably by preventing the penetration of (hemi)cellulytic and lignolytic enzymes into the interior of the modified bagasse particles. It is concluded that the biodegradability of quaternized, crosslinked bagasse is too low for composting or land application.     

Effects of Conversion of Dry Tropical Forest to Agricultural Mosaic on Herpetofaunal Assemblages

Abstract: We explored the impact of forest conversion to agricultural mosaic on anuran, lizard, snake, and turtle assemblages of Neotropical dry forests. Over 2 years, we sampled 6 small watersheds on the west coast of Mexico, 3 conserved and 3 disturbed. The disturbed watersheds were characterized by a mosaic of pastures and cultivated fields (corn, beans, squash) intermingled with patches of different successional stages of dry forest. In each watershed, we conducted 11 diurnal and nocturnal time‐constrained searches in 10 randomly established plots. We considered vulnerability traits of species in relation to habitat modification. Eighteen anuran, 18 lizard, 23 snake, and 3 turtle species were recorded. Thirty‐six species (58%) occurred in both forest conditions, and 14 (22%) and 12 species (19%) occurred only in the conserved and disturbed sites, respectively. Assemblages responded differently to disturbance. Species richness, diversity, and abundance of lizards were higher in disturbed forests. Anuran diversity and species richness were lower in disturbed forest but abundance was similar in both forest conditions. Diversity, richness, and abundance of turtles were lower in disturbed forest. The structure and composition of snake assemblages did not differ between forest conditions. We considered species disturbance sensitive if their abundance was significantly less in disturbed areas. Four anuran (22%), 2 lizard (11%), and 3 turtle (100%) species were sensitive to disturbance. No snake species was sensitive. The decline in abundance of disturbance‐sensitive species was associated with the reduction of forest canopy cover, woody stem cover, roots, and litter‐layer ground cover. Anuran species with small body size and direct embryonic development were especially sensitive to forest disturbance. An important goal for the conservation of herpetofauna should be the determination of species traits associated with extinction or persistence in agricultural mosaics.     

《大气污染防治法(修订草案)》的若干修改建议

《大气污染防治法》(修订草案)有很多突破,但是针对性、策略性、特色性和可实施性均存在欠缺,需要进一步把生态文明、绿色化、区域协同发展的要求纳入立法目的,体现在体制制度和机制的设计中;理顺立法体例,保证规定的逻辑性;坚持空间管控和多规合一,坚持空气质量目标管理的思路,采取实际大气环境容量和实时排放流量控制相结合的工作模式;明确行动计划与现行环境保护规划、各专项环保规划的关系;理顺监管体制,创新区域联合防治的制度和机制,弥补侵权法律责任和法律救济规定的不足,保持信息公开申请和环境民事公益诉讼提起条件的前后贯通性。只有这样,才能既体现立法修改的必要性和针对性,又体现立法规定的时代性和特色性,展现法律措施的严格性和法律责任的严厉性。     

人工湿地常用生物陶粒基质LDHs覆膜改性及其除磷效果研究

分别利用3种二价金属化合物和3种三价金属化合物,采用水热共沉淀法在碱性条件下对人工湿地中常用的生物陶粒基质进行层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs)覆膜改性,并将9种不同类型的LDHs覆膜改性生物陶粒基质和普通生物陶粒基质分别填充于10个垂直流人工湿地模拟实验柱中,进行除磷净化实验.结果表明,9种不同类型的改性生物陶粒基质均能有效提高磷素的净化效果;Zn系LDHs改性生物陶粒对总磷、溶解性总磷、磷酸盐均有很好的处理效果,其中Zn Fe-LDHs、Zn Co-LDHs和Zn Al-LDHs对总磷的平均去除率均在92%以上,对溶解性总磷和磷酸盐的平均去除率均超过95%;其对磷素的净化机理主要集中于物理化学作用,同时还应与其对微生物生长的促进作用有关.     

2种防护涂层体系在湿热海洋环境下防护性能的劣化规律研究

目的 研究2种防护涂层体系在湿热海洋环境下自然暴露3 a的防护性能劣化规律。方法 确定试验件为钢–铝(钢)螺接连接件,试验地点为海南万宁,并按周期测得不同暴露时间下涂层A和涂层B的外观形貌、色差、光泽度、表面傅里叶红外光谱、电化学阻抗的相关数据。通过对比分析测试结果,判断2种涂层在不同暴露时间下的劣化程度,并最终得到其劣化规律。结果 涂层A自然暴露1 a老化严重,紧固件区域涂层剥落,平板区域失光率约为75%,阻抗模量降低5个数量级,色差ΔE^*为5(轻微变色),涂层有机基团老化降解严重。涂层B自然暴露2 a,老化较严重,紧固件区域涂层剥落、生锈,平板失光率约为20%,阻抗模量降低2个数量级,色差ΔE^*为11(严重变色),涂层有机基团轻微老化降解。结论 对于螺钉连接结构,连接区域不仅更容易被腐蚀,而且增加了附近平板区域的不一致性。涂层体系B的保护能力优于涂层体系A,涂层体系B的有效保护时间约为2 a,而涂层体系A则不到1 a。     

Al/BN封严涂层在盐雾环境中的腐蚀性能及表面特征研究

目的 研究Al/BN封严涂层在海洋环境下的腐蚀历程。方法 使用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、电化学等测试方法,对Al/BN封严涂层在盐雾环境中的腐蚀行为、形貌、显微结构、相组成及耐腐蚀等性能进行研究,分析Al/BN封严涂层在盐雾试验中的电化学腐蚀过程。结果 在96 h盐雾试验中,Al/BN封严涂层的腐蚀过程分为2个阶段,分别为孔蚀形成期和孔蚀发展期。在前72 h的盐雾腐蚀时间里,Al/BN封严涂层的腐蚀产物对于孔洞的堵塞越来越严重,自腐蚀电流密度也处于下降状态,表明Al/BN封严涂层的腐蚀产物有效地阻止了腐蚀速度的加剧。在第2阶段,阻抗值有所下降,是因为腐蚀产物龟裂或孔洞内局部酸化造成。结论 Al/BN涂层的腐蚀产物对Al/BN封严涂层的自腐蚀速率有比较大的影响。     

物理气相沉积硬质耐腐蚀磨损防护涂层研究进展

叙述了用物理气相沉积技术制备的硬质耐腐蚀磨损防护涂层的研究进展。重点介绍了腐蚀磨损耦合工况特性和作用机理,单元、多元掺杂氮化物涂层,高熵氮化物涂层,多层、纳米多层、纳米复合、梯度氮化物涂层耐腐蚀磨损性能研究,非金属元素/金属元素掺杂DLC涂层、多层复合DLC涂层耐腐蚀磨损性能研究,并对涂层改性、强化机理和腐蚀磨损失效机制进行了总结。最后,提出了未来物理气相沉积硬质耐腐蚀磨损防护涂层重点发展的方向,应重点发展涂层组元/结构设计、力–电耦合损伤机理研究、高效率研发设计、涂层先进制备装备与评估体系等方面的能力。     

人工增雨（雪）效果评估方法探索

人工增雨（雪）常用的评估方法为统计检验和物理检验,统计检验需要大量试验样本,且随机化试验在我国难以实现,大量样本无从获得。物理检验目前主要是雷达观测演变状况和飞机直接观测云内微物理参数,由于技术和能力有限,这些方法都难以实现。为了在人工影响天气作业后尽快得出评估结果供政府及环境保护等部门参考,利用雨滴谱记录数据对一次人工增雪作业后的效果进行了评估,发现这些数据在没有常规降雪记录情况下具有一定的参考价值。从评估结果看,人工增雪作业后,降水强度有明显增大的趋势。