ABR除碳-CANON耦合工艺除碳脱氮特性

CANON工艺如能处理低氨氮城市生活污水,将大幅度降低市政污水处理能耗.故以纤维载体为填料,在CSTR反应器中同时接种亚硝化污泥和厌氧氨氧化污泥启动CANON反应器,且在CANON系统前端添加ABR除碳系统,构建ABR除碳-CANON耦合工艺,研究ABR除碳-CANON耦合工艺除碳脱氮性能,并采用MiSeq高通量测序技术分析污泥中微生物菌群结构的变化情况.结果表明,通过同时接种亚硝化污泥和厌氧氨氧化污泥,控制DO为0. 5～2 mg·L-1、HRT为6h、p H值为8左右等措施,在55 d内成功启动CANON系统,TN去除率为81%～87%,氨氮负荷为0. 195 kg·(m3·d)-1. ABR除碳系统出水有机物浓度(120 mg·L-1)不会对后续CANON系统产生不利影响,一体式ABR除碳-CANON工艺TN去除率在74%～87%,出水COD平均浓度为40 mg·L-1.同时,CANON系统启动后变形菌门(Proteobacteria)得到了显著提升,鞘脂杆菌纲(Sphingobacteria)所占比例下降为6. 8%,CANON系统中亚硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌不断淘汰劣势菌群成为反应器内优势菌群,一体化ABR除碳-CANON工艺对城市污水具有良好的脱氮除碳效果.     

三峡库区蓄水期和非蓄水期附石藻类群落变化及其影响因子分析

以三峡库区重庆段奉节地区草堂河、梅溪河和大溪河三条支流为研究区域,对蓄水期和非蓄水期库区支流的非回水区和回水区(常年回水区和变动回水区)附石藻类组成及其相关环境因素进行分析.结果表明,3条支流共发现附石藻类103种,隶属4门45属,非回水区67种,隶属3门34属,回水区82种(常年回水区64种,变动回水区41种),隶属4门34属.蓄水期,非回水区优势种为变异直链藻、扁圆卵形藻、普通等片藻、锉刀布纹藻和巨颤藻,回水区优势种为变异直链藻、近缘桥弯藻、普通等片藻、高山立方藻和颗粒直链藻;非蓄水期,非回水区优势种为变异直链藻、近缘桥弯藻和扁圆卵形藻,回水区优势种为巨颤藻、岩栖颤藻、美丽颤藻、尖针杆藻、丝藻、优美平裂藻和小颤藻,表明非蓄水期不同河段优势藻种差异显著,而蓄水期不同河段优势藻种差异较小;非回水区不同时期优势藻种无明显差异,在非蓄水期常年回水区和变动回水区优势种属差异相对较小,而蓄水期差异较大.冗余(RDA)分析表明,附石藻类组成变化是温度、电导率(SPC)、p H、总氮(TN)和总磷浓度(TP)等环境因子共同作用的结果,各样点优势藻种细胞密度变化主要受氮、磷元素浓度变化的影响.这些结果表明库区不同水文情势不仅影响支流水体环境,而且对底栖藻类组成变化起着重要的作用.     

有机物特性对AAO系统污泥沉降性能的影响

研究了不同进水混合型有机物组成下AAO系统中活性污泥菌群结构演替规律以及微生物胞内、胞外聚合物的变化对污泥沉降性能的影响.结果表明,当进水中有机物全部为溶解态时,污泥沉降性能最佳,污泥体积指数(sludge volume index,SVI)为70 m L·g-1,且优于进水有机物以溶解态为主(SVI=120 m L·g-1)和以颗粒态为主(SVI=280 m L·g-1)的系统.根据菌群结构分析可知Thiothrix、Chryseolinea和Trichococcus这3种菌属对污泥沉降性能的影响至关重要.其中颗粒态有机物可促进Trichococcus的生长,而溶解态有机物可促进Thiothrix和Chryseolinea的生长.此外,菌群结构的改变也对胞内及胞外聚合物的变化有重要影响,从而加剧污泥沉降性能改善或恶化的进程.较高的溶解态有机物含量可提高胞内聚合物贮存能力,并改善污泥沉降性能.同时,污泥沉降性能也与松散附着胞外聚合物(loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances,LB-EPS)中多糖、蛋白质和Zeta电位呈显著负相关关系.     

会仙岩溶湿地、稻田与旱地土壤细菌群落结构特征比较

为了探究土地利用变化对湿地系统土壤细菌的影响,以会仙天然湿地、稻田和旱地这3种土地利用方式的耕层土壤(0～20cm)作为研究对象,利用高通量测序技术对土壤细菌群落的α多样性、物种组成和丰度进行分析,并结合土壤理化性质探讨影响细菌群落结构的环境因素.结果表明,会仙湿地系统土壤中存在的细菌隶属于49个门和145个纲.其中,稻田土壤细菌的Shannon指数显著较高;天然湿地土壤细菌的Simpson指数显著较低.在会仙湿地系统土壤的优势菌门(operational taxonomic units,OTUs 1%)中,天然湿地的优势菌门为变形菌门(52. 15%)、放线菌门(15. 16%)和酸杆菌门(8. 80%);稻田的优势菌门为变形菌门(45. 79%)、酸杆菌门(17. 20%)和绿弯菌门(11. 75%);旱地的优势菌门为变形菌门(51. 42%)、酸杆菌门(15. 51%)和绿弯菌门(7. 43%).在优势菌纲(OTUs 1%)中,天然湿地的优势菌纲为α-变形菌纲(17. 98%)、β-变形菌纲(13. 72%)和放线菌纲(13. 13%);稻田的优势菌纲为酸杆菌纲(14. 35%)、β-变形菌纲(13. 37%)和δ-变形菌纲(12. 02%);旱地的优势菌纲为α-变形菌纲(19. 44%)、β-变形菌纲(13. 30%)和酸杆菌纲(13. 03%).在优势的OTUs中( 0. 3%),天然湿地的优势菌属是Sphingomonas(OTU2和59)、Micromonospora(OTU5、24和50487)、Gemmatimonas(OTU1)和Stenotrophomonas(OTU8);稻田的优势菌属是Lysobacter(OTU4和115)和Aquabacterium(OTU33);旱地的优势菌属是Sphingomonas(OTU85、157和2916)、Rhodanobacter(OTU19和52)和Phenlobacterium(OTU60).聚类热图分析显示,3种土地利用下的土壤细菌群落结构差异极其显著.冗余分析结果显示,土壤细菌分布差异主要与p H、土壤总有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、碱解氮(AN)、交换性镁、交换性钙、可溶性有机碳(DOC)和速效磷(AP)等生态因子显著相关(P 0. 05).以上研究结果表明,土地利用方式变化能显著改变会仙湿地土壤的细菌群落结构.     

不同水温分层水库沉积物间隙水营养盐垂向分布与细菌群落结构的关系

为探究不同水温分层水库沉积物间隙水营养盐垂向分布规律及其与细菌群落结构的关系,运用16S rRNA高通量测序技术,分析了2018年1月澜沧江小湾、漫湾水库建库后沉积物细菌群落结构特征,并采用Cannoco软件对细菌群落与环境因子关系进行了冗余分析.结果表明,调查期间小湾水库水体表底温差3. 3℃,最大温度梯度为0. 2℃·m~(-1)属于分层水体,漫湾表底温差0. 1℃属于混合水体.小湾间隙水NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N平均质量浓度分别为2. 233 mg·L~(-1)和0. 030 mg·L~(-1),漫湾分别为2. 569 mg·L~(-1)和0. 016 mg·L~(-1).间隙水NH_4~+-N在两个水库沉积物中均表现垂向向下增大的趋势,而NO_3~--N垂向变化则不明显但均在深层质量浓度最底,库区间比较来看,只有NO_3~--N具有极显著性差异,其中小湾明显高于漫湾.菌群分类发现,小湾与漫湾沉积物细菌群落具有相同的优势菌门和优势菌属,水温分层对间隙水营养盐及细菌群落结构无显著影响.而漫湾相比小湾沉积物中反硝化菌相对丰度更高,硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌相对丰度更低,同一库区沉积物深层中反硝化菌相对丰度较高,有机物降解菌、硝化菌、厌氧氨氧化菌和溶磷菌相对丰度较低,是造成沉积物营养盐库间差异和垂向差异的原因.     

“Community in Bloom”: local participation of community gardens in urban Singapore

Community gardens offer a space that allows facilitation of leisure activities, encourages interaction within different factions in a community and helps forge a sense of belonging towards the overall community. Using the case study of “Community in Bloom” (CIB) programme initiated by the National Parks Board of Singapore, this article highlights how such community gardens are also viewed by some as exclusionary spaces due to their close links with government apparatus. More broadly, it argues that a constrained civic activism not only affects the extent to which these gardens can forge communal bonds, but they also challenge their integral spirit. Despite promising signs of politically opening up in the early 2000s, the soft authoritarianism of the Singaporean state continues to be wary of non-governmental sanctioned community projects and civic activism. This attitude may prove to be resilient in the foreseeable future, thereby preventing the “CIB” programme from truly blossoming.     

Backyard bounty: exploring the benefits and challenges of backyard garden sharing projects

Backyard garden sharing projects can be viewed as a small-scale alternative to traditional community gardens. These shared spaces are able to overcome some of the pressures on community gardens such as competing demands for housing and other services and amenities while still providing many of the health-promoting benefits community gardens are noted for. This study is a small-scale participatory qualitative project that explores three backyard garden sharing partnerships. The aim of this study is to explore the benefits and challenges of these shared spaces and to discuss the overall feasibility of shared backyard gardens. Partnerships comprised an older adult homeowner (i.e., greater than age 65) and a non-senior gardener. At an individual level, the results suggest that backyard garden sharing can promote physical activity, psychosocial well-being, and social connectedness for both older adult homeowners and volunteer garden partners. To be successful, partners benefit from an established agreement about what to grow and how to share the garden's produce. In addition, a dedicated project coordinator and a limited amount of community resources can ensure the viability of these small-scale projects.     

“Liberating” social knowledges for water management,and more broadly environmental management,through “place-change planning”

In response to the big policy problem of increasing failures of traditional, largely technical, policy approaches to constructively address transformational or radical socio-environmental problems from major facility siting, landscape modification, and/or new environmental management at the local level, this paper introduces “place-change planning”. This concept is applied to recent calls by Australian water scientists and policy-makers “to liberate the knowledge, skills and individual leadership and collaboration of all stakeholders to reflect a more decentralised, disaggregated and localised water world”. Local community stakeholders appear the most neglected stakeholder currently in such water management, despite increasing international recognition of their importance for constructive change in transitional sustainability contexts. As such, place-change policy design focuses on the importance of collaborative participatory approaches for better understanding of the underlying rationalities, and, by association, of better liberating the social knowledges, of place-based local communities for better policy input to realise new visions of sustainable water management, and beyond.     

Community knowledge networks: an action-orientated approach to energy research

The Climate Change Act 2008 commits the UK to reducing carbon emissions by 80% of 1990 levels by 2050. With household emissions constituting more than a quarter of current total energy use in the UK, energy practices in the home have taken on increased policy attention. In this paper, we argue that the UK government's approach is founded upon a variant of methodological individualism that assumes that providing greater energy information to individuals will effect behaviour change in relation to energy use. Such an approach is potentially limited in its effectiveness and does not afford appropriate recognition to all those affected by energy policy. In contrast to this approach, we set out an alternative perspective, a community knowledge networks approach to energy and justice which recognises the contexts and relationships in which people live and use energy. Such an approach emphasises situated knowledge and practices in order to gain a greater understanding of how individuals and communities use energy, but, importantly, offers a means for affording greater recognitional justice to different social groups.     

Environmental characteristics of urban-rural farming migrants in the Republic of Korea and their significance for rural sustainability

ABSTRACT

The number of households migrating to agricultural villages has sharply increased in the Republic of Korea (South Korea) since the late 1990s when the Asian economic crisis developed. This study investigates the environmental behaviour and the socio-economic characteristics of urban-rural migrant farming households and provides insights into their significance for rural sustainability in South Korea. The study is based on survey data collected in 2016 from a sample of 166 migrant farming households and 46 native farming households from the Namwon region in South Korea. The migrant farming households are divided into 29 return and 137 non-return farming households. It was found that most non-return migrants are organic farmers, and can be characterised as anti-urban, amenity-pursuing, green, and lifestyle migrants. It is no wonder that they have a strong intent to make their new home an environmentally, socially and economically sustainable place for their children. Thus, appropriate policy measures need to be designed in such a way to facilitate the synergy between the repopulation of rural areas by farming migrants, their uptake of organic farming, their active engagement in community rebuilding, and regional economic development.