高通量测序法表征潜流人工湿地中不同植物根际细菌群落特征

为了研究人工湿地中植物根际、污水水质和深度等对细菌群落结构特征分布的影响,利用高通量测序技术,对人工湿地中芦苇(Phragmites communis)、香蒲(Typha orientalis Presl)2种植物根际3个不同深度细菌群落特征进行了研究.细菌群落丰富度和多样性研究结果表明,芦苇根际细菌群落丰富度和多样性均大于香蒲根际,细菌在芦苇根际周围可以更好地生存;同一植物根际细菌的丰富度和多样性随着深度的增加逐渐减少.相似度和差异性分析结果表明,相同植物根际细菌群落结构相似度较高,而不同根际群落结构有一定的差别.优势细菌菌群分析结果发现,细菌群落在门类水平上达到13门以上,优势细菌种群均以变形菌门、酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门、厚壁菌门为主,相对丰度约为55%~78%;纲类水平也达到20纲以上,主要有α-变形杆菌纲、β-变形菌、δ-变形菌纲、γ-变形菌纲、芽孢杆菌纲、酸杆菌纲、相对丰度达到50%以上,植物根际富集的主要纲类细菌是β-变形菌纲.影响细菌群落结构丰富度和多样性的主要环境因素是营养物浓度、植物、采样深度和温度.     

松花江下游沿江湿地土地利用变化对土壤细菌群落多样性的影响

本研究旨在明确生境质量变化对土壤细菌群落的影响,为松花江退化湿地选择科学的修复方法提供参考依据.于2018年使用Illumina MiSeq PE300第二代高通量测序平台对松花江下游的5种土地利用类型湿地（天然湿地、稻田地、玉米田、采砂迹地及恢复湿地）土壤细菌16S rDNA进行测序,分析不同土地利用类型土壤细菌群落多样性和功能的差异.结果表明：沿江湿地开垦为玉米田造成土壤细菌的Ace、Chao1和Shannon指数显著降低（P<0.05）,采砂迹地的仿湿地修复使土壤细菌的Ace、Chao1和Shannon指数显著提高（P<0.05）.天然湿地、稻田、玉米田和采砂迹地的土壤细菌群落结构差异显著（P<0.05）,采砂迹地与恢复湿地的土壤细菌群落结构相似.沿江湿地土壤细菌划分为40门、105纲、258目、421科、802属和1673种,变形菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门、拟杆菌门、疣微菌门、厚壁菌门和芽单胞菌门为各样地共有的优势菌门（相对丰度>1%）.相比之下,拟杆菌门偏好稻田土壤环境,变形菌门和芽单胞菌门偏好玉米田土壤环境,放线菌门偏好采砂迹地土壤环境.湿地土壤细菌具有新陈代谢、环境信息处理、遗传信息处理、细胞过程、人类疾病和有机系统这6类一级代谢通路、46类二级代谢通路和19类主要二级代谢通路（相对丰度>1%）.土壤pH、含水量、碱解氮和碳氮比是沿江湿地土壤细菌群落多样性的主要影响因子.由此可见,改变沿江湿地土地用途降低了土壤生态系统稳定性,增加了湿地退化的潜在生态风险.     

株洲清水塘工业区周边土壤微生物群落特征

基于Illumina高通量测序技术分析了株洲清水塘工业区周边土壤的微生物群落特征,研究重金属污染对土壤微生物群落的影响.结果表明,土壤微生物群落的相对丰度和多样性变化趋势一致,均随着重金属污染程度增加而减小;稻田土壤平均相对丰度最高的门是变形菌门(49. 56%),其次为绿弯菌门(13. 07%)和酸杆菌门(8. 77%);较高重金属污染程度下伴随着更高丰度的变形菌门、绿弯菌门与更低丰度的硝化螺旋菌门、酸杆菌门; 4组样品的微生物群落结构相似性较高,OTU重叠度达52. 64%,丰度较高的OTU其微生物群落更趋向于相似;结合Spearman相关性分析,Cr与变形菌门显著负相关,与绿弯菌门显著正相关,Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn与硝化螺旋菌门显著负相关.以上结果表明,重金属污染是影响清水塘工业区周边土壤微生物群落结构的重要因素.     

黄土丘陵区退耕还林还草对土壤细菌群落结构的影响

为了探究黄土丘陵区退耕还林还草工程对土壤细菌群落的影响,本文以宁南山区玉米农地为对照,人工柠条地和天然草地为退耕还林还草的处理,利用Illumina二代高通量测序技术MiSeq对土壤细菌的16S rRNA V3~V4可变区进行测序,研究3种植被下土壤细菌的α多样性、物种组成和丰富度,并结合土壤理化性质探讨影响细菌群落结构的环境因素.3种土壤样品中共检测到细菌29门,76纲,135目,250科,375属,682种,主要的优势菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）,主要的优势菌纲为α-变形菌纲（α-Proteobacteria）、放线菌纲（Actinobacteria）、酸杆菌纲（Acidobacteria）、β-变形菌纲（β-Proteobacteria）、嗜热油菌纲（Thermoleophilia）、芽单胞菌纲（Gemmatimonadetes）、杆菌纲（Bacilli）、δ-变形菌纲（δ-Proteobacteria）.与耕地相比,林地的优势菌主要是变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）,草地的是放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）.柠条林地的土壤微生物多样性最高.通过RDA分析发现,影响本研究区域土壤细菌分布的最主要环境因子是全氮和有机质.研究表明通过退耕还林与还草工程明显地改善了土壤肥力和环境状况,改变了土壤细菌群落组成.     

稀土开采对土壤细菌群落组成与多样性的影响

为探索稀土开采对土壤生态系统的影响,以长汀离子型稀土矿开采废弃地为研究对象,通过采集稀土开采前、开采后的取土场和堆浸池的土壤,通过提取土壤DNA后,利用Illumina Miseq高通量测序平台进行细菌的16S r DNA测序,分析以上3个作业区土壤细菌OTU组成,并以此为基础进行物种注释、多样性和系统发育树分析.研究结果表明:稀土开采后的取土场和堆浸池比开采前土壤细菌群落多样性以及各类群组成丰度比例发生显著变化,但土壤细菌的优势种群不变,分别从门、纲、目、科、属水平鉴定的优势种为:厚壁菌(门)、芽孢杆菌(纲)、乳杆菌(目)、肠球菌(科)、肠球菌(属),系统发育树显示厚壁菌门、变形菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门、疣微菌门、酸杆菌门、硝化螺旋菌门、蓝藻门、Thermi在系统发育上有一定的亲缘关系.     

嘉陵江不同干扰断面河道沉积物细菌群落多样性

为探究不同人为扰动对自然河流生态环境的影响,以嘉陵江河道沉积物细菌群落为研究对象,利用高通量测序技术分析工程干扰、支流干扰、采砂干扰、垦殖干扰和无干扰断面河道沉积物细菌的群落组成和功能变化.结果表明,嘉陵江不同干扰断面河道沉积物理化性质和细菌群落多样性均具有显著差异(P<0.05).无干扰断面细菌群落多样性最高,同时,采砂干扰和无干扰断面细菌群落均匀度最高,而支流干扰和垦殖干扰均导致细菌群落多样性和均匀度降低.工程干扰对细菌群落组成的影响显著区别于其他4种干扰断面.细菌优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi),优势菌纲为γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)、α-变形菌纲(α-Proteobacteria)和Vicinamibacteria纲.采砂干扰导致放线菌门增加,工程干扰促进了酸杆菌门的增加.含水率、有机碳、总氮和总磷是影响沉积物微生物群落变化的主要环境因子.细菌群落主要涉及新陈代谢、遗传信息处理、环境信息处理和细胞过程这4类一级...     

人工湿地污水处理系统春季空气微生物群落结构分析?

通过构建16S/18S rDNA基因文库,分析自由表面流人工湿地污水处理系统春季空气细菌和空气真菌群落结构特征.结果表明,空气细菌分布在变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、蓝藻门(Cyanophyta)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),主要为β-变形菌纲(71.04%)、γ-变形菌纲(12.03%)、α-变形菌纲(3.83%)、蓝藻纲(4.38%)、芽孢杆菌纲(3.28%)和鞘脂杆菌纲(2.19%),优势菌属是马赛菌属(Massilia 66.66%)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas 4.37%)、蓝丝细菌属(Cyanothece 3.83%)和沙雷氏菌属(Serratia 3.28%).空气真菌主要类群为座囊菌纲(Dothideomycetes 61.18%),其次是接合菌纲(Zygomycetes 16.47%)、盘菌纲(Discomycetes 14.12%),优势菌属是核腔菌属(Pyrenophora 48.31%)、被孢霉属(Mortierella 15.7%)、缘刺盘菌属(Cheilymenia 12.4%)、Boothiomyces (4.5%).人工湿地空气微生物中未检测出大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、沙门氏菌(Salmonella spp.)和产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridium perfringens),但存在粘质沙雷氏菌(S. marcescens)、恶臭假单胞菌(P. putida)、表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus epidermidis)等致病菌或条件致病菌.     

秦岭红桦林土壤细菌群落剖面分布特征及其影响因素

研究秦岭辛家山林区红桦林细菌群落在土壤剖面上的分布状况,对评估土壤细菌在森林生态系统土壤肥力调节、碳氮循环等作用至关重要.采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对土壤细菌16S r DNA V3~V4可变区进行测序,结合相关生物信息学分析,初步探讨了红桦林0~10、10~20、20~40和40~60 cm这4个土壤层细菌群落丰富度、多样性指数和细菌群落组成及丰度变化.结果表明,在红桦林土壤剖面上,OTUs、Chao1指数、Shannon指数均在0~10 cm处达到最大值,分别为1 688、2 314、8.66,土层间差异不显著.4个土壤层的优势菌门均为酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria),主要的优势菌属为Gp4、Gp6和Gp16.优势菌门的相对丰度在土层间并不相同,0~10 cm土壤层具有较高的变形菌门(Proteobacteria),其相对丰度为23.62%,而40~60 cm具有较高的酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria),相对丰度为62.88%.酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)与全氮、土壤有机碳、C/N、可溶性有机碳显著相关,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)与土壤含水量、土壤有机碳、可溶性有机碳显著相关.经RDA分析证明,影响秦岭红桦林土壤剖面细菌群落分布的主要土壤因素是可溶性有机碳.这些研究结果表明在秦岭红桦林土壤4个土层均有较高的细菌多样性,为进一步认识森林土壤细菌多样性奠定了理论基础,在研究森林生态系统土壤剖面养分循环过程时应予以考虑.     

植被恢复的岩溶湿地沉积物细菌群落结构和多样性分析

为研究岩溶地区湿地生态系统的细菌群落在植被恢复过程中的结构和多样性以及环境因子对其产生的影响,以桂林会仙岩溶湿地沉积物中提取的总DNA为模板,采用Illumina HiSeq 2500高通量测序技术,对细菌16S rDNA V4、V5区进行测序并分析,共得到有效序列711 403条,序列平均长度为372.34 bp,聚类产生5 952个OTU（Operational Taxonomic Unit）.结果表明,研究区沉积物具有较高的细菌多样性,包含70个门,150个纲,195个目,325个科,446个属.其中,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）是优势类群,占比为18.33%~44.16%,并以β-变形菌纲（Betaproteobacteria）、γ-变形菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）及δ-变形菌纲（Deltaproteobacteria）为主要组成部分,这些类群中包含了硫杆菌属（Thiobacillus）和脱硫酸盐橡菌属（Desulfatiglans）等参与硫元素循环的菌群,推测对湿地沉积物中的硫循环有着重要作用;同时,属水平上存在大量（37.85%~84.67%）未分类（Unclassified）细菌类群.在会仙岩溶湿地水质及沉积物化学指标中,与细菌群落相关性较大的是ρ（NO₃--N）、ρ（NO₂--N）、ρ（TP）和ρ（TN）等水质指标.研究显示,桂林会仙岩溶湿地细菌具有很高的多样性,沉积物中蕴藏了许多潜在新物种;并且,水质指标对沉积物细菌群落结构及多样性的影响较大,说明人为因素对于会仙岩溶湿地微生物群落结构的影响较为显著.      

生物炭添加对半干旱区土壤细菌群落的影响

以半干旱区固原生态试验站生物炭修复4a的表层土壤为对象，采用高通量测序技术研究了不同添加类型（槐树皮生物炭、锯末生物炭）和比例（1%、3%、5%，质量百分比）的生物炭对土壤细菌多样性及群落结构的影响.结果表明，生物炭应用提高了土壤细菌群落的多样性，锯末生物炭优于槐树皮生物炭，且3%锯末生物炭对细菌群落的多样性影响最佳，其香农指数为6.22；优势门主要为放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）和Saccharibacteria，相对丰度共占76.80%~85.31%；优势纲有放线菌纲（Actinobacteria）、α-变形菌纲（Alphaproteobacteria）、酸杆菌纲（Acidobacteria），其相对丰度占48.13%~57.08%；属水平上，施加生物炭增加了芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、硝化螺旋菌属（Nitrospira）的相对丰度，降低了土微菌属（Pedomicrobium）、根瘤菌属（Rhizobium）的相对丰度；层级聚类及冗余分析（RDA）发现，施加生物炭对细菌群落结构有影响，其中，微生物量碳、含水率、铵态氮、有机碳对细菌群落结构的影响较大.细菌优势门与环境因子相关性热图分析表明，铵态氮与放线菌门、绿弯菌门呈显著相关性.铵态氮是影响细菌群落的主要理化因子.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.