潜流湿地处理生活污水时的强化策略

研究在潜流湿地处理生活污水时通过预处理强化、介质优化和工艺改进克服现有技术缺陷的可行性.改进方法包括化学强化预处理、预曝气、添加氮吸附介质、添加磷吸附介质、湿地高浸润线、中浸润线、低浸润线和动态浸润线运行.结果表明,化学强化预处理不仅可以除磷,而且削减湿地污染负荷可使后续湿地面积减小63%,但是不能有效脱氮.预曝气仅使氨氮去除率提高了1%.添加氮吸附介质的有效时间短,运行前3个月对NH₄⁺-N去除率为84%,5个月后下降到64%.添加磷吸附介质的有效时间较长,可维持数年.因此,脱氮过程只有通过基质微生物实现.稳态浸润线下对COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN、TP的去除率,高浸润线湿地为50%、21%、32%、-26%;中浸润线湿地为53%、48%、48%、-14%;低浸润线湿地为74%、96%、35%、22%.提出动态浸润线及序批式潜流人工湿地工艺(CBSW),其对COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN、TP去除率为67%、62%、53%、33%.CBSW实现了单级湿地内好氧/缺氧环境的交替出现,提高了脱氮能力,除污综合表现最佳.     

人工湿地对二级出水中TN、TP去除效果的季节性研究

研究了垂直流和表面流两种人工湿地系统在水力停留时间为2 d条件下,在不同季节对二级出水中TN、TP的去除效果。结果显示,垂直流湿地系统对TN、TP的去除效果优于表面流湿地系统。两种类型的人工湿地对TN的去除效果随季节的变化而波动,夏秋季节去除率最高,春季次之,冬季去除效果最差;垂直流人工湿地系统对TP的去除效果随季节的变化趋势与TN去除率的变化相同,而表面流湿地系统对TP的去除效果在春夏秋季变化不大,冬季的平均去除率仅有16.5%。分析认为,人工湿地应用于二级出水的深度处理,对于满足观赏性景观环境用水(尤其是观赏性河道和湖泊类)的水质指标是可行的。     

复合垂直流构建湿地净化酞酸酯的初步研究

为考察湿地对特殊污染物酞酸酯的净化作用，在温室中建造了专门用于酞酸酯研究的2套下行流-上行流湿地小试系统，1号系统邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）和邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基已基）酯（DEHP）污染负荷分别为19.86mgL^-1和3.16mgL^-1,2号系统DBP和DEHP污染负荷分别为9.84mgL^-1和1.58mgL^-1，试验时间为45d。水力负荷为420Ld^-1。结果表明：构建湿地对人工配置污水中的酞酸酯有很好的净化效果。平均去除率达到99.95%以上，出水酞酸酯质量浓度为10^-9级，均低于国家排放标准（GB8978-1996）.     

几种植物对潜流型湖滨湿地中氮磷的处理效果比较

湖滨带是连接湖泊水域生态系统与陆地生态系统的一个功能过渡区,是湖泊的最后一道保护屏障。在河流的入湖口建造湖滨湿地,可有效净化入湖水中携带的部分有机污染物、营养盐等。湿地净化污染物的机理极为复杂,其中植被起着重要的作用。选择适当的植物是构建湿地系统的关键。以云南省抚仙湖北岸的湖滨湿地——马料河潜流型湿地为研究对象,探讨了美人蕉(Cannaindica),菖蒲(AcoruscalamusLinn),伞竹(Cyperusalternifolius),香蒲(Typhaelatifolia)四种不同植被系统的潜流型湖滨湿地去除污水中营养盐的效果,为抚仙湖湖滨带人工湿地的合理优化选择植物提供一定的依据。结果表明,四种植被系统的潜流湿地对总氮和总磷均有一定的去除效果。但是由于湿地长期运行而疏于管理,植物没有定期收割翻新,四种植物的氮磷去除率差别不太大,去除效果均不太佳。其中,美人蕉对总氮和总磷的去除效果较好,其去除率分别是30.4%,19.13%,其次为香蒲和伞竹,效果较差的是菖蒲。并且实验表明,暴雨对四种植物湿地氮的去除效果有很大的影响。连续几天的暴雨情况下,四种植物系统氮的去除率都很低。     

扎龙河滨湿地水体营养化污染特征及水环境恢复对策

对扎龙湿地水体富营养化污染状况进行调查，指出沼泽湿地、湖泊湿地TN、TP、BOD，等多项水质指标都已严重超标；阐明了营养物年季变化特征；总结了扎龙湿地水体富营养化发展趋势；提出了保障湿地供水、生态工程恢复及控制流域地表水污染的多项管理策略。     

湿地冷湿效应初探

对湿地周围不同距离农田的近地面气温、湿度、地温以及典型湿地地温的测定表明 ,湿地冷湿效应与湿地植被及其积水深度有关。在所选择的 3种湿地植被中 ,漂筏苔草积水最深 ,冷湿效应最大 ,其次为毛果苔草 ,小叶章最小。不同距离农田的近地面气温和湿度变化不同 ,随距离增加 ,温度增大 ,湿度减小。这种变化主要是由湿地的局部冷湿作用造成的。农田地温平均值高出小叶章湿地 4℃之多 ,高出漂筏苔草湿地近 5℃ ,表明湿地的制冷作用很明显     

Benefits of protected areas for nonbreeding waterbirds adjusting their distributions under climate warming

Climate warming is driving changes in species distributions and community composition. Many species have a so-called climatic debt, that is, shifts in range lag behind shifts in temperature isoclines. Inside protected areas (PAs), community changes in response to climate warming can be facilitated by greater colonization rates by warm-dwelling species, but also mitigated by lowering extirpation rates of cold-dwelling species. An evaluation of the relative importance of colonization-extirpation processes is important to inform conservation strategies that aim for both climate debt reduction and species conservation. We assessed the colonization-extirpation dynamics involved in community changes in response to climate inside and outside PAs. To do so, we used 25 years of occurrence data of nonbreeding waterbirds in the western Palearctic (97 species, 7071 sites, 39 countries, 1993–2017). We used a community temperature index (CTI) framework based on species thermal affinities to investigate species turnover induced by temperature increase. We determined whether thermal community adjustment was associated with colonization by warm-dwelling species or extirpation of cold-dwelling species by modeling change in standard deviation of the CTI (CTI_SD). Using linear mixed-effects models, we investigated whether communities in PAs had lower climatic debt and different patterns of community change than communities outside PAs. For CTI and CTI_SD combined, communities inside PAs had more species, higher colonization, lower extirpation, and lower climatic debt (16%) than communities outside PAs. Thus, our results suggest that PAs facilitate 2 independent processes that shape community dynamics and maintain biodiversity. The community adjustment was, however, not sufficiently fast to keep pace with the large temperature increases in the central and northeastern western Palearctic. Our results underline the potential of combining CTI and CTI_SD metrics to improve understanding of the colonization-extirpation patterns driven by climate warming.     

不同小叶章湿地H2S和COS的排放通量研究

利用静态箱/气相色谱法,观测了小叶章沼泽化草甸和小叶章典型草甸两种湿地类型中H2S和COS在生长季(5-9月)的释放动态,结果表明:在两种小叶章湿地中,H2S和COS的排放通量均具有明显的季节和日变化规律.在小叶章沼泽化草甸中H2S和COS的平均释放通量分别为0.34μg·m-2·h-1和-0.29μg·m-2·h-1;小叶章典型草甸H2S和COS的平均释放通量分别为0.14μg·m-2·h-1和-0.20μg·m-2·h-1;小叶章沼泽化草甸H2S和COS的平均释放通量均高于小叶章典型草甸.在生长季两种小叶章湿地均能向大气释放H2S,对COS则表现为从大气中吸收.小叶章的生长过程对H2S和COS的排放影响显著,在小叶章生长旺盛期,H2S出现排放峰值,COS出现吸收高峰.     

Effect of Invasive Plant Species on Temperate Wetland Plant Diversity

Abstract:  Invasive species are a major threat to global biodiversity and an important cause of biotic homogenization of ecosystems. Exotic plants have been identified as a particular concern because of the widely held belief that they competitively exclude native plant species. We examined the correlation between native and invasive species richness in 58 Ontario inland wetlands. The relationship between exotic and native species richness was positive even when we controlled for important covarying factors. In addition, we examined the relationship between the abundance of four native species (  Typha latifolia, T. angustifolia, Salix petiolaris, Nuphar variegatum ) and four invasive species (  Lythrum salicaria, Hydrocharis morsus-ranae, Phalaris arundinacea, Rhamnus frangula ) that often dominate temperate wetlands and native and rare native species richness. Exotic species were no more likely to dominate a wetland than native species, and the proportion of dominant exotic species that had a significant negative effect on the native plant community was the same as the proportion of native species with a significant negative effect. We conclude that the key to conservation of inland wetland biodiversity is to discourage the spread of community dominants, regardless of geographical origin.     

盐碱土壤基质人工湿地对低浓度氮磷废水的净化效果

采用实验室模拟研究了以盐碱土壤为基质的不同湿地植物人工湿地系统以及对水中低质量浓度氮和磷的去除效率。实验表明，芦苇系统、香蒲系统、车钱草系统和无植物系统均对水中低质量浓度的N具有净化效果。3种植物系统相比，香蒲系统的净化效果较其他二者较佳，芦苇系统与车钱草的净化效果相当；同时实验也表明4种湿地系统对低质量浓度的P不具有净化效果，随着水力停留时间的增加，系统中的P质量浓度反而会有所增加。