巢湖湖滨带植被特征及其退化原因分析研究

于2009年和2010年对巢湖湖滨带植被进行了详细踏查,结果表明:(1)植被群落结构单一,多样性较差,大都集中分布于浅水、河口、滩地,受水质和水位影响显著;(2)挺水植物有5科6属6种,以芦苇(Phrag-mites australis)为优势种;(3)浮叶植物3科3属3种;以野菱(Trapa incisa)和荇菜(Nymphoides peltatum)为优势种;(4)漂浮植物2科2属2种;主要是凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)和浮萍(Lemna minor);(5)沉水植物4科5属8种;以马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)为优势种;(6)湿生和陆生植物27科76属101种;以禾本科为主,菊科、蓼科植物次之。调查结果与历史资料(1954年-2007年)对比,得出巢湖流域土地利用格局、江湖建闸等水利工程、围湖造田与堤坝建设等人为活动以及富营养化与蓝藻水华等综合因素严重破坏了巢湖湖滨带健康的生态系统,加剧了湖滨带植被的衰退。本研究可为巢湖湖滨带植被的恢复提供理论指导。     

Occurrence, profiles, and ecotoxicity of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances and their alternatives in global apex predators: A critical review

Certain poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) exhibit significant bioaccumulation/biomagnification behaviors in ecosystems. PFASs, such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) and related precursors, have elicited attention from both public and national regulatory agencies, which has resulted in worldwide restrictions on their production and use. Apex predators occupy the top trophic positions in ecosystems and are most affected by the biomagnification behavior of PFASs. Meanwhile, the long lifespans of apex predators also lead to the high body burden of PFASs. The high body burden of PFASs might be linked to adverse health effects and even pose a potential threat to their reproduction. As seen in previous reviews of PFASs, knowledge is lacking between the current stage of the PFAS body burden and related effects in apex predators. This review summarized PFAS occurrence in global apex predators, including information on the geographic distribution, levels, profiles, and tissue distribution, and discussed the trophic transfer and ecotoxicity of PFASs. In the case where legacy PFASs were restricted under international convention, the occurrence of novel PFASs, such as 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA) and perfluoroethylcyclohexane sulfonate (PFECHS), in apex predators arose as an emerging issue. Future studies should develop an effective analytical method and focus on the toxicity and trophic transfer behavior of novel PFASs.     

基于视频数据的城市隧道交通运行特征与安全研究

为降低城市隧道交通事故率,提高车辆出行安全,以上海市翔殷路跨江隧道为研究对象,利用视频采集技术、车辆跟踪调查采集隧道交通运行数据,分析城市隧道交通运行特征及驾驶员在隧道内驾驶行为特征,并进一步研究其与隧道交通事故的关系。对隧道内车辆的速度、密度分布,变道行为进行分析,发现隧道南线入口处内外断面平均车速的显著差异可以解释该处追尾事故高发,隧道内车辆频繁变换车道导致隧道侧碰事故占较大比例。为改善城市隧道交通安全,在隧道内进行限速和限制车辆变道是必要的。     

鹰潭市酸雨污染现状、趋势与成因分析

采用2001-2010年降水监测数据,全面系统地研究分析鹰潭市酸雨污染现状、变化规律,并从环境空气质量、区域污染物输送、气象因素和土壤性质等方面探讨酸雨形成的主要原因,得出区域输送是鹰潭市酸雨污染的主要因素。     

城市化对济南市汛期降雨特征的影响

在介绍济南市城市化发展水平及暴雨特性的基础上,选用济南市黄台桥、燕子山、东红庙、吴家铺和刘家庄雨量站1977-2007年汛期降雨资料,通过趋势线、距平统计、双累积曲线等方法,对济南市区汛期降雨量进行了统计分析,并对济南市城区、郊区的降雨时空特征进行对比研究。研究结果表明,城区多年汛期降雨量表现出较强的波动性,但整体上升趋势较为明显,尤其是改革开放早期的降雨量增长较为迅速。城市化对济南城区产生了较为明显的雨岛效应,城区比郊区降雨量增加约10%。城市化对降雨的频次以及雨型均造成了较大的影响,增加了各种降雨强度等级的降雨机率,城区比郊区的降雨机率增加10%以上,特别是暴雨以上的降雨场次增加了22%。     

Loft features reveal the functioning of the young pigeon’s navigational system

It is thought that young homing pigeons are able to use information acquired en route for their initial homeward orientation. However, the cues involved and mechanisms utilised are under discussion. Blocking light-dependent route-specific information during the first leg of an outward journey detour, together with analysis of pigeons that were raised under different loft conditions, allowed us to correctly evaluate the functioning of this mechanism and, more generally, the navigational map of birds. Pigeons from the same stock were raised and kept in two different lofts. The birds in the experimental groups were transported to the release sites via detours, and light-dependent information was denied during the first half of the outward journey (no compass information was available). Control birds were transported by the most direct route and had access to all available information. In general, the results showed that the low-loft birds preferred to use magnetic compass cues, whereas the high-loft birds preferred to use navigational map cues to collect information of the first part of the outward journey. The impairments observed in the homing performances of the experimental groups highlight the reliability of information collected inside the map area. Relevant to an understanding of the route-reversal mechanism was the evidence that this mechanism is able to function in the absence of compass information (birds raised in a wind-exposed loft show a detour effect). In systems where directional information could be provided by multiple sources, processing and extracting accurate course trajectories through a common mechanism may prove more efficient and reliable.     

三峡水库主要入库河流磷营养盐特征及其来源分析

以2004～2005年的三峡水库3条主要入库河流(长江、嘉陵江、乌江)中的水文、水质的调查参数为依据,研究了三峡水库入库河流中主要的水文变化特征、磷营养盐的季节性分布规律、形态组成及富营养化状态.结果表明,3条入库河流的流量、悬浮物呈现明显的季节性变化,丰水期的悬浮物含量明显高于枯水期.3条入库河流总磷的平均值在0.12～0.29 mg/L之间,均远远高于20世纪70年代的总磷含量,长江朱沱断面水体的磷含量高于嘉陵江北碚断面和乌江武隆断面的磷含量.总磷含量(TP)中以总颗粒态磷酸盐(TPP)为主,平均占75%以上;3个监测断面中流量、悬浮物与TP、TPP均呈显著正相关性,TPP和TP也呈显著正相关性.结果表明泥沙将颗粒态磷带入河流是主要的磷污染源,总磷的污染受面源污染影响较大.氮和磷都不是三峡水库入库河流中浮游植物的限制因子,3条入库河流中的N/P值较高(＞30),表明磷有可能被优先消耗到低值.     

污水处理厂绿化方式分析

以绿化常识为基础结合污水处理厂的特性,论述了污水处理厂厂区绿化的组成、栽植及布局特点。充分考虑污水处理厂特定功能环境:地下管网复杂、用地性质特殊和污染源的存在,阐述了合理的绿化布局方式,使绿化建设符合生产特点,体现厂区特色,具有良好的生态功能和观赏效果。     

吉林省泥石流易发区的降雨特征分析

吉林省东南部侵蚀山地为泥石流主要活动区,泥石流在海拔1 km以下的低山丘陵地区经常发生,并多与暴雨洪流伴生。论文基于GIS平台,应用ArcGIS对吉林省泥石流事件发生区的高程、坡度、土地利用和土壤类型进行分析,绘制吉林省泥石流易发区分布图。通过专家评分法对发生区高程、坡度、土壤类型和土地利用类型进行定量化评分,并采用自组织映射聚类分析法和灰色聚类的优选排序法,将泥石流易发区有记录的泥石流事件依据当日降雨（J₁）、连日累计降雨（J₂）、前7 d累计降雨（J₃）、高程（J₄）、坡度（J₅）、土壤类型（J₆）和土地利用（J₇）7种影响因子进行划分,最终把事件分为3类,绘制不同自然地理特征条件下吉林省降雨诱发泥石流区划图,为地质灾害治理提供参考。     

边缘化地区特征、形成机制与影响--以安徽省池州市为例

边缘化地区是指在区域发展中,与核心地区的差距正在逐步拉大的地区。以安徽省池州市为例,分析其空间边缘化的主要表现,即区域社会经济发展缓慢、处于长江经济带的发展低谷,主要经济指标在全省的比重持续下降,居民生活水平和地方管理水平等方面均明显滞后于时代的发展,交通区位边缘性日益增强等。并对区域空间边缘化形成的主要机制进行探讨,认为空间过程缓慢是边缘化形成的历史基础,城镇体系发育不良是边缘化形成的空间因素,行政区划频繁变动是边缘化形成的人为因素,产业结构低级无序化是边缘化形成的经济原因等。区域空间边缘化对区域社会经济发展的负面影响主要表现为：空间边缘化与区域社会经济发展之间的恶性循环,空间结构不稳定性增强和无序化发展。