我国主要农作物转基因逃逸生态风险的初步评价

转基因逃逸是伴随着工程作物释放的一种风险。本文首先分析了转基因逃逸的途径，并讨论了影响转基因逃逸的因素，对我国主要农作物中逃逸风险进行了初步评价，一些农作物中存在较大的转基因逃逸风险，最后探讨了避免和减小逃逸风险的措施。     

成都地区典型土壤与农作物中砷含量研究

成都地区土壤和农作物中砷污染研究资料不多，本文以成都地区7类典型土壤和该土壤上生长的10余种常见农作物中的砷含量为研究对象，通过对监测数据的整理、分析，应用正态分布、方差分析、线性相关检验等方法对土壤和农作物中砷的分布规律以及两者的关系进行了比较详尽的分析和研究，并对比了国内相关研究结果，说明了成都地区土壤和农作物中砷污染的规律和相关性。     

Methane emissions from ricefields as affected by organic amendment, water regime, crop establishment, and rice cultivar

Methane fluxes from Beijing ricefields as affected by organic amendment, water regime, crop establishment method, and rice cultivar were measured with a closed chamber method in 1990, 1991, 1995, and 1996. Total fluxes from plots receiving high organic amendment always exceeded those from the low-input plots. Compared with continuous flooding, intermittent irrigation (there were a few days of no standing water between two irrigations) and constant moisture (the field had no standing water, but remained saturated) reduced methane emission rate by 25.4 and 58.4%, respectively. Methane flux from a dry-seeded rice field was 75.2% lower than from a transplanted ricefield although both dry-seeded rice plots and transplanted ricefields were initially flooded at the same time. Rice cultivars differed in methane emission rates by 9.0–55.7%. Emission rates were positively correlated with aboveground dry matter production and root weight, but not grain yield. Intermittent irrigation and rice cultivar seem to be the most promising methods for mitigating methane emission from ricefields; they do not affect rice yield and are easily implemented at the farm level.     

Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhiza to soil quality in contrasting cropping systems

The aim of this study was to determine how the potential to rely on arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) for plant nutrition differs between a conventional and a low-input cropping system in the long term. The roles of fertilisation rate, composting of recycled plant residues and stage of the rotations in the overall impact of the cropping systems on soil quality and AM were also identified. The conventional cropping system with a non-leguminous crop rotation (barley–barley–rye–oat–potato–oat) was fertilised at either full or half the recommended rate. In the low-input cropping system, one year with barley was replaced by clover, and oat was cultivated mixed with pea. Straw and clover were returned to the soil either with or without composting. In the low-input system, biotite and rock phosphate were used to compensate for K and P in the harvested yield, while animal manure was applied at the start only. After 15 years, crop growth and nutrition, AMF colonisation and soil quality were assessed in the field, while the AM contribution to growth and nutrient uptake were determined in a bioassay in a growth chamber. AM functioning made a higher contribution to soil quality in terms of crop performance and environmental benefits in the low-input cropping system than at either fertilisation rate in the conventional system. Halving fertilisation in the conventional system prevented some costs and enhanced some of the benefits of AM in comparison with full fertilisation. However, only the low-input system with composting conclusively favoured AM in comparison with the conventional system. It resulted in the highest percentage colonisation and, in a bioassay with flax and clover, gave a relative average contribution to growth of 27% and to P uptake of 68% in comparison with 4 and 36%, respectively, for the conventional cropping system with full fertilisation. Rye yield was in the low-input system without composting similar to that in the conventional system with full fertilisation, and with composting 87% of the latter one. Incorporation of clover green manure without composting inhibited AM functioning, leading to a temporary loss of AM contribution to crop performance. This effect draws attention to the impact of the form of recycled organic matter on supporting ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling.     

Modeling carbon sequestration under zero-tillage at the regional scale. II. The influence of crop rotation and soil type

For policy decisions with respect to CO₂-mitigation measures in the agricultural sector, national and regional estimations of the efficiency of such measures are required. The conversion of ploughed cropland to zero-tillage is discussed as an option to reduce CO₂ emissions and promises at the same time effective soil and water conservation. Based on the upscaling of simulation results with the soil and land resources information system SLISYS-BW, estimations of CO₂-mitigation rates in relation to crop rotations and soil type have been made for the state of Baden-Württemberg (Germany). The results indicate considerable differences in the CO₂-mitigation rates between crop rotations ranging from 0.48 to 0.03 Mg C ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ for winter cereals–spring cereals–rape rotations and winter cereals–spring cereals–corn silage rotations, respectively. The efficiency of the crop rotations is strongly related to the total carbon input and in particular the amount of crop residues. Among the considered soil types, highest CO₂-mitigation rates are associated with Cumulic Anthrosols (0.62 Mg C ha⁻¹ a⁻¹) and the lowest with Gleysols (−0.01 Mg C ha⁻¹ a⁻¹). An agricultural extensification scenario with conventional plowing but conversion of the presently applied intensive crop rotations to a clover–clover–winter cereals rotation indicated a CO₂-mitigation potential of 466 Gg C a⁻¹. However, the present high market prices for cereals and increasing demand for energy production from biomass encourages an intensification of the agricultural production and an excessive removal of biomass which in future will seriously reduce the potential for carbon sequestration on cropland.     

中国农田作物植被碳储量研究进展

作物植被碳储量是全球陆地生态系统碳库的重要组成部分。中国农田作物植被碳储量的估算主要采用参数估算法、遥感资料反演法和环境参数模型法。通过对中国近几十年来全国和区域尺度作物植被碳储量的估算研究,获得了一些作物的经济系数、含碳率和作物收获部分水分系数等估算参数值,探讨了遥感反演和环境参数模型方法,并提出加强农田基本建设、改进农业生产技术与管理、调整作物结构和加强作物秸秆利用等固碳措施。目前对中国农田作物植被碳储量的估算仍存在较大的不确定性,获取的估算参数尚不充分,估算方法和模型有待完善,对作物植被碳储量变化的源/汇效应尚未取得统一认识。虽然在农田生态系统中土壤碳储量（密度）普遍大于作物植被碳储量（密度）,但作物植被碳储量仍然是一个数量可观、并有增加潜力和可能的碳库,其大小及秸秆利用情况直接影响着土壤碳库。因此,对农田作物植被碳储量应分时段和区域具体分析,才能认识其源/汇效应。今后应在以下几方面进一步加强作物植被碳储量的研究：进一步完善和改进估算方法;加强作物植被碳储量估算及固碳措施的区域个例研究,探索不同空间尺度作物植被碳储量的尺度转换;开展作物碳储量动态及固碳机理的综合研究。此外,还应就气候变化与作物植被碳储量的相互耦合关系进行探讨。     

基于地理回归的农作物播种面积统计数据空间化方法

农作物空间格局反映了农作物种植结构和特征,是了解生产资源利用状况及进行农业结构调整的重要依据。研究旨在探索农作物播种面积统计数据空间化的方法,实现对历史农业统计数据的空间化表达。将传统的农业统计调查与先进的遥感技术、空间地理信息技术相结合,通过多元Logistic回归分析农作物格局与自然地理因素和社会经济因素之间的关系,构建农作物空间适宜性分布概率,在此基础上将农作物播种面积统计数据利用空间迭代分配方法,实现统计数据空间化的研究。论文选取中国东北三省作为方法研究区,实现了对该地区2000—2010年农作物播种面积空间化表达,经检验,该方法对东北三省水稻空间化精度为0.76,能够较好地完成农作物时空播种面积统计数据空间化工作。该方法是农作物调查和遥感时空格局解译研究的有效补充,为丰富农作物空间数据提供了技术手段。     

猪粪还田对土壤硝态氮淋失的影响研究——以黄灌区稻旱轮作制为例

宁夏引黄灌区是水污染严重地区之一,大部分排水沟水质属于劣五类,主要污染物是硝态氮与铵态氮.猪粪还田试验共有3个处理:传统施肥+空白(CK)、传统施肥+猪粪还田4500 kg/hm²(T1)和传统施肥+猪粪还田9000 kg/hm²(T2).采用树脂芯法测定了30,60,90cm土层的硝态氮淋失量.结果表明,30cm土层处,猪粪还田没有明显增加土壤硝态氮淋失.与对照(15.96±0.41) kg/hm²相比,T1(16.85±0.40) kg/hm²与T2(17.01±0.46) kg/hm²没有达到显著差异(P>0.05);60cm土层处理与对照也没有达到显著差异;90cm土层处的猪粪处理与对照达到显著差异,处理之间没有差异.猪粪还田有利于土壤有机质和总氮提高,30cm土层,与对照相比,T1和T2的有机质增加0.95g/kg和1.41g/kg,分别提高7.50%和11.13%;总氮增加0.06和0.16g/kg,分别提高7.72%和22.04%.猪粪还田提高了作物产量,水稻增产12.26%~11.56%,冬小麦产量提高9.32%~12.52%.     

Effect of long-term application of corn stalks and inorganic fertilizers on fluorescence characteristics of water extractable organic matter in a meadow black soil of northeast China

ABSTRACT

Returning crop residues into fields, either alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizer, is considered as a practical way to enhance soil fertility. However, information concerning the effects of crop residues and inorganic fertilizer application on water extractable organic matter (WEOM) in soil is scarce. The aim of this study was to examine the 10-year effect of corn residue (CR) return with or without the application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizer on the quantity and quality of WEOM in a black soil of northeast China by means of ultraviolet absorbance, fluorescence excitation--emission matrix, and derived spectroscopic indices. The application of NPK fertilizers and CR, alone or together, increased the content of total soil organic carbon (SOC), water extractable organic carbon (WEOC), and ratio of WEOC/SOC, with the sequence being NPK + CR > CR > NPK > CK. Compared with control treatment, the individual application of NPK fertilizer decreased the aromaticity of WEOM. In contrast, elevated proportion of tryptophan-like fluorophore and microbially derived fulvic acid-like components with low molecular weight was detected in the WEOM. The amendment with CR alone resulted in increase in aromaticity of WEOM and proportion of plant-derived humic acid-like component with large molecular weight, accompanied by reduced proportion of tyrosine-like compounds. For the soil with CR restoration, the application of NPK fertilizer increased aromaticity of WEOM, and large molecular weight fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like compounds were found. However, the proportions of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like compounds were diminished. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of WEOM using fluorescence spectroscopy describes responses to be observed in long-term different fertilization strategies.     

基于修正遗传算法的夏玉米作物系数及蒸散发估算

农田蒸散量是作物蒸腾量和土壤蒸发量的总和,准确估算农田蒸散量对制定合理的灌溉计划至关重要,进而对农作物的增产保收具有重要的意义。研究作物系数及蒸散量估算模型已成为一个热点科学问题。淮河流域是中国主要的农业生产基地,而夏玉米是淮河流域最主要的粮食作物之一。为研究夏玉米全生育期蒸散估算模型,反映夏玉米逐日作物系数及蒸散量的变化,为当地的农业生产活动提供指导,采用五道沟水文实验站称重式蒸渗仪及气象要素实测数据,应用遗传算法,构建夏玉米全生育期单作物系数蒸散模型,得到其4个生长阶段的作物系数估算值。其中,参考作物蒸散量采用FAO PenmanMonteith公式计算;对估算误差较大的发育期,利用叶面积指数和发育期天数构建调整模型,对发育期作物系数进行数值修正,取得了较好的效果,并进一步估算蒸散量,最终得到遗传算法与多项式回归相结合的夏玉米蒸散估算模型。结果表明:全生育期内,修正后作物系数计算值与实际值的平均绝对误差为0.09,均方根误差为0.12,准确率(绝对误差<0.3)为96.2%;蒸散量计算值与实际值的平均绝对误差为0.89 mm·d^-1,均方根误差为1.28 mm·d^-1,准确率(绝对误差<4 mm·d^-1)为100%;相比FAO推荐的作物系数模型,修正遗传算法模型作物系数和蒸散量的拟合准确率均明显提高,达到精度要求,该文修正遗传算法模型可用于夏玉米的蒸散估算。