Do bumble bee queens choose nest sites to maximize foraging rate? Testing models of nest site selection

We proposed “foundress-max” hypothesis that a bumble bee foundress chooses her nest site to maximize her energy intake rate from nectar. To examine the hypothesis, we estimated the maximum energy intake rate at each site in the study area and compared the distribution of the maximum energy intake rates with those of actual nest sites. We also calculated rank correlations of the maximum energy intake rate with the number of nest-searching foundresses at 54 sites. The nest locations supported the foundress-max hypothesis, but the number of nest-searching foundresses did not. This could be attributed to the density of food sites: many food sites may attract many foundresses. Therefore, we subsequently proposed “foundress-sum” hypothesis that a foundress chooses her nest site to maximize the sum of energy intake rates. The nest locations supported the foundress-max hypothesis more than the foundress-sum hypothesis. A profitable food site would affect foundresses’ nest site selection.     

阜山金矿进回风巷粉尘孔粒径分布及其分形特征

为探究金属矿井下粉尘孔粒径特征,以阜山金矿为例,系统研究其进风巷粉尘(IAD)、回风巷粉尘(RAD)的孔粒径分布(PSD)情况.首先,利用激光粒度分析仪与扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、低温液氮吸附仪分别测试粉尘粒径与孔参数,然后利用分形理论计算并分析其粒度分形维数与孔分形维数.结果 表明:RAD粒径比IAD粒径小,两者最可...     

林农复合生态系统空气负离子浓度日进程比较

选择河南境内黄淮海平原主体区域的商丘市民权林场与梁园区黄河故道国家森林公园的林农复合生态系统,测定了生态系统1年内各月份的空气离子的日进程,分析其空气负离子的变化规律。结果表明：空气负离子浓度在不同林农复合生态系统中有一定差别,在系统内各点差别较小;杨树生态系统的日进程格局基本一致,表现出近似的＂U＂型,一天中的高峰值出现在09：00～10：00与17：00前后;泡桐生态系统的日进程虽然在09：00～10：00也出现高峰值,但随后表现出单调下降趋势。研究结果为林农复合生态系统生态效益计量提供基础依据。     

ADDRESSING TOTAL PHOSPHORUS IMPAIRMENTS WITH WATER QUALITY TRADING1

ABSTRACT: Water quality trading is a voluntary economic process that provides an opportunity for dischargers to reduce the costs associated with meeting a discharge limitation. Trading can provide a cost effective solution for point sources (i.e., wastewater treatment plants) to meet strict effluent limitations set in response to total maximum daily loads (TMDLs). A successful trading program often depends on first determining the trading suitability of a pollutant for a particular watershed. A simple technical approach has been developed to identify sub‐watersheds within the Raritan River Basin, New Jersey, where water quality trading could provide a cost effective and scientifically feasible method for addressing total phosphorus impairments. The methodology presented will serve as a model to conduct similar analyses in other watersheds. The Raritan River Basin was divided into 12 subwatershed‐based study areas. Point‐nonpoint source trading opportunities were examined for each study area by examining the point and nonpoint source total phosphorus loading to impaired water bodies. Of the 12 subwatersheds examined, four had a high potential for implementing a successful trading program. Since instream phosphorus concentrations are closely related to soil erosion, an additional analysis was performed to examine soil erodibility. Recommendations are presented for conducting an economic analysis following the feasibility study.     

典型汞污染地区食物汞含量及人体汞暴露健康风险

系统采集典型汞污染地区(铅锌冶炼、金矿冶炼和燃煤电厂)食物样品(大米、蔬菜和鱼肉) 409个,测定其总汞含量以评估当地居民食物摄入汞暴露的健康风险。结果显示:铅锌冶炼地区大米总汞含量的几何均值为5.99μg·kg~(-1)(3.02～30.7μg·kg~(-1)),仅有1个样品总汞含量超过我国大米汞限量标准(20μg·kg~(-1)),蔬菜和鱼肉总汞含量分别为0.646～5.44μg·kg~(-1)和1.80～26.4μg·kg~(-1),均未超过我国食品汞限量标准;金矿冶炼地区大米总汞含量的几何均值为4.46μg·kg~(-1)(3.13～8.67μg·kg~(-1)),蔬菜和鱼肉总汞含量分别为0.760～7.83μg·kg~(-1)和1.59～21.9μg·kg~(-1),所有食物均未超过我国食品汞限量标准;燃煤电厂地区大米总汞含量的几何均值为3.63μg·kg~(-1)(1.05～11.4μg·kg~(-1)),蔬菜和鱼肉总汞含量分别为1.12～3.78μg·kg~(-1)和2.24～12.3μg·kg~(-1),所有食物均未超过我国食品汞限量标准。铅锌冶炼、金矿冶炼和燃煤电厂3个地区居民通过食用食物(大米、鱼肉和蔬菜途径)总汞摄入量的均值分别为0.068、0.038和0.031μg·d~(-1)·kg~(-1),均未超出联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会(JECFA)推荐的人体安全总汞摄入量0.71μg·d~(-1)·kg~(-1);表明3个研究地区居民汞暴露的风险较低。大米汞摄入量占3个地区居民食物总汞摄入量的比例分别为77.2%、70.8%和71.4%,食用大米是当地居民汞暴露的主要途径。     

我国日化用品使用挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放及臭氧生成潜势研究

溶剂使用源是挥发性有机物（VOCs）的重要排放源之一.近年来,VOCs排放清单中对工业生产类溶剂的VOCs排放估算较多,但对于生活类溶剂使用的研究有所欠缺.本研究以日化用品为研究对象,基于产品消费量、产品中的溶剂含量及其挥发特性,建立了我国2000—2017年日化用品使用的VOCs排放清单,并基于最大增量反应活性值（MIR）评估了日化用品对臭氧生成的潜在贡献.结果表明,2000年我国日化用品VOCs排放量为36.1×10⁴ t,到2017年排放量达218.5×10⁴ t,年平均增长率为11%.护肤品、香水和洗护用品是日化用品中VOCs的主要排放类别,2017年这3类的VOCs排放量分别占总量的40%、30%和21%.上海（8.0×10⁴ t）、北京（7.0×10⁴ t）、广州（4.5×10⁴ t）、重庆（4.5×10⁴ t）、深圳（3.7×10⁴ t）是日化用品VOCs排放量前5的城市.含氧VOCs是日化用品排放的主要VOCs组分,其排放量贡献达到64%.2017年日化用品VOCs产生的臭氧生成潜势（OFP）为306.4×10⁴ t,含氧VOCs、烯烃和烷烃分别占OFP总量的67%、18%和14%.对OFP贡献最大的前8个物种是乙醇、柠檬烯、异丁烷、丙二醇、二丙二醇、异戊烷、二甲醚和异丙醇,其排放量占VOCs总量的77%,但贡献了OFP总量的93%.针对日化用品的VOCs排放及其引起的臭氧污染防控应重点关注护肤品、香水和洗护用品3类产品.     

沙尘天气PM10对多种心血管疾病日门诊人数的影响

为研究沙尘天气大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)与心血管系统疾病每日门诊人数的联系,采用半参数广义相加泊松回归模型(GAM),在排除了混杂因素如季节趋势、日历效应、气象因素和时间长期趋势等作用的前提下,分析2004年3月1日~5月31日沙尘暴频发区——甘肃省武威市大气PM10与多种心血管疾病每日门诊相对危险度(RR)的关系.结果表明,PM10与男、女总心血管系统疾病门诊RR均在滞后第2d(lag2)的联系有统计学意义.PM10分别在lag3和lag4对男、女性风湿性心脏病门诊RR的影响有统计学意义; PM10(lag2)与男性高血压门诊RR的联系有统计学意义.PM10在lag2对男性缺血性心血管疾病门诊RR的影响有统计学意义;PM10对男、女性心律失常以及充血性心力衰竭门诊RR的影响均无统计学意义.在调整了SO2和/或NO2后,PM10对男、女性心血管系统疾病门诊RR的作用有所下降,但在统计学上仍有意义.然而在分别调整了其他污染物后,SO2和NO2变得无统计学意义.沙尘天气PM10浓度分类模型分析表明,从正常清洁天、轻度污染天到扬沙天气、沙尘暴天气,随着PM10浓度水平的增大,心血管系统疾病(缺血性心血管疾病、充血性心力衰竭、心律失常、高血压、风湿性心脏病)门诊RR也随之增高,呈现一定的剂量效应关系.沙尘天气可吸入颗粒物可引起暴露居民多种心血管系统疾病(缺血性心血管疾病、充血性心力衰竭、心律失常、高血压、风湿性心脏病)门诊人数增多,且均呈现滞后效应. PM10浓度与心血管系统疾病门诊RR表现为一定的剂量效应关系.PM10浓度与沙尘天气强度有密切关系, 随着PM10浓度与沙尘天气强度的增大,暴露居民心血管系统多种疾病日门诊RR也增大,具体为:正常清洁天＜轻度污染天＜扬沙天＜沙尘暴天.     

PCDDs and PCDFs in food samples from Catalonia, Spain. An assessment of dietary intake

Food samples from local markets and supermarkets of Tarragona (Catalonia, Spain) were analyzed for PCDD/F concentrations. On lipid basis, PCDD/F levels in meat, fish, eggs, and fats and oils were similar or lower than those found in other countries. By contrast, in general terms PCDD/F levels in milk, vegetables, and cereals showed higher levels than those previously reported. The total dietary PCDD/F intake by the population of Tarragona was estimated to be 210 pg I-TEQ/day. This value is higher than the dietary intake of PCDD/Fs found in a number of surveys from other countries. However, when total dietary intake of PCDD/Fs was calculated including only fish and seafood, meat, milk and dairy products, eggs, and fats and oils, a dietary intake of PCDD/Fs of 117 pg I-TEQ/day was obtained. This intake is in the same range than that reported for different regions and countries. The results of the present study show that food groups such as vegetables, fruits, and cereals should not be excluded to estimate the total dietary intake of PCDD/Fs by general populations, especially in those countries and/or regions in which their consumptions are notable.     

长江口-杭州湾海洋生物中双酚A和三氯生的浓度分布特征

双酚A(BPA)和三氯生(TCS)是两种受广泛关注的典型环境内分泌干扰物,而长江口-杭州湾是我国最主要的海产品生产海域之一,因此,长江口-杭州湾海洋生物中BPA和TCS的污染特征应引起重视。检测了长江口-杭州湾26种海洋生物体(17种鱼类、6种软体动物、3种甲壳类)肌肉组织中BPA和TCS的浓度分布特征,结果显示:所有海洋生物样品中都可检出BPA,其浓度为0.14~18 ng/g(平均5.2 ng/g);73%的海洋生物样品中含有TCS,其浓度为P<0.01);鱼类、软体动物、甲壳类中BPA和TCS的平均浓度分别为5.8、5.2、2.3 ng/g和12、15、28 ng/g;据估算,浙江普通居民通过食用海洋生物对BPA和TCS的每日摄入量均值分别为5.6 ng/kg和15 ng/kg。     

Occurrence of imidacloprid,carbendazim, and other biocides in Italian house dust: Potential relevance for intakes in children and pets

The occurrence of pesticides intended for non-agricultural use was investigated in 206 dust samples drawn from vacuum-cleaner bags from residential flats in Italy. The multi-residue analysis targeted on 95 different active principles was performed with UPLC-MS/MS, with a Limit of Quantification (LOQ) of 0.008 μg/g dry weight. The results indicated the presence of imidacloprid (IMI) and carbendazim (CARB) in 30% and 26% of the samples, with a mean and P95 concentration between 1.6 and 39 and between 0.08 and 4.9 μg/g, respectively. Combined presence of two biocides was noted in 19.4% samples, of three biocides in 9.2% samples, of four biocides in 3.4% samples, and of five and six biocides in 0.5% and 1% samples, respectively. According to the estimated dust intake in infants/toddlers aged 6–24 months (16–100 mg d^?1) and cats (200 mg d^?1), it was possible to obtain risk characterization with respect to the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for IMI of 0.060 mg/kg body weight (bw) proposed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the chronic Population Adjusted Dose (cPAD) of 0.019 mg/kg bw d^?1 by US-EPA. Under the worst-case scenario, the presence of IMI in dust indicates potential exceedance of the cPAD in kittens, to be considered as sentinel also accounting for combined exposure. This study highlights the relevance of consumer empowerment about the responsible use of pesticides as biocidal products in indoor environment.