Foundations of Resilience Thinking

Through 3 broad and interconnected streams of thought, resilience thinking has influenced the science of ecology and natural resource management by generating new multidisciplinary approaches to environmental problem solving. Resilience science, adaptive management (AM), and ecological policy design (EPD) contributed to an internationally unified paradigm built around the realization that change is inevitable and that science and management must approach the world with this assumption, rather than one of stability. Resilience thinking treats actions as experiments to be learned from, rather than intellectual propositions to be defended or mistakes to be ignored. It asks what is novel and innovative and strives to capture the overall behavior of a system, rather than seeking static, precise outcomes from discrete action steps. Understanding the foundations of resilience thinking is an important building block for developing more holistic and adaptive approaches to conservation. We conducted a comprehensive review of the history of resilience thinking because resilience thinking provides a working context upon which more effective, synergistic, and systems‐based conservation action can be taken in light of rapid and unpredictable change. Together, resilience science, AM, and EPD bridge the gaps between systems analysis, ecology, and resource management to provide an interdisciplinary approach to solving wicked problems. Fundamentos del Pensamiento sobre Resiliencia     

基于PERT图的LMRP集油罩深水井喷应急作业设计

底部隔水管总成(LMRP)集油罩可高效回收深水井喷海底漏油,为有效支持应急演练和事故现场救援的开展,基于计划评审技术(PERT)进行LMRP集油罩应急作业设计。面向1500m水深事故场景,将LMRP集油罩作业分为15项子作业并编制应急作业PERT图,计算LMRP集油罩应急作业在不同规定期限内的完成概率。结果表明:PERT图可直观定量描述深水井喷应急作业,得到LMRP集油罩作业关键路线总时长为575h并给出作业优化建议。LMRP集油罩作业在规定期限45、50、55、60、65、70h内完成的概率分别为00002、00174、02420、07580、09826和09998。随着规定期限时间延长,应急作业完成概率提高,且在关键路线总时长附近增长率最大。     

基于事故/事件的民机人因防错设计关键因素研究

针对民机人因防错设计对飞行安全的影响,从世界民航安全事故/事件数据库中筛选出92起典型的人为因素事故案例,采用基元事件分析法进行深度分析,提炼出民机人因防错设计需要考虑的重要设计因素,并建立重要设计因素集。基于系统工程学的“人机环”模型,结合国内外飞机设计相关标准,建立民机人因防错设计重要因素指标体系。运用模糊层次分析法对因素指标进行权重计算,确立影响飞行安全的14项人因防错设计关键因素,并针对这些关键因素提出民机人因防错设计通用要求,以期为民机人因防错设计满足初始适航要求提供参考。     

Biosorption of Cr(VI) from wastewater using Sorghastrum Nutans L. Nash

Sorghastrum Nutans L. Nash is used as an adsorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater. Adsorption coupled reduction i.e. indirect reduction is the mechanism of Cr(VI) removal by the biomaterial. The adsorbent surface became highly positively charged at lower pH, adsorption rate of Cr(VI) is faster and reduction reaction also accelerates at lower pH since the binding of negatively charged Cr(VI) ion species to the cationic groups is enhanced and protons take part in this reaction. The adsorbent is characterised by using XRD, FTIR, SEM and EDAX analysis. OH bending, CN stretching/bending and NH stretching play a major role in Chromium adsorption. Experimental values follow pseudo-second order reaction and Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Surface diffusion is the rate controlling mechanism for the process. The maximum percentage of Cr(VI) removal obtained is 75.5% with 7?g/L dosage at pH 1.3 and adsorbate concentration was 100?mg/L. From the normal probability, residual, contour, 3D surface, main effect and interaction plot along with t-test, ANOVA, and F-test, it is observed that pH has the most significant effect on the percentage removal followed by adsorbent dosage and time. The adsorbate concentration has the least effects and interaction effects are found to be significant.     

Urban ecological risk assessment management platform

Due to rapid socioeconomic development in recent years, the influence of human activities on the urban ecosystem and environment is becoming more pronounced, causing increases in accumulated pollutants, resource consumption, and built-up land area. At this time, cities are facing complex ecological threats. We designed a platform to classify and assess the various types of ecological risks that cities and urban agglomerations may encounter. We used PHP to develop a web-based application, with nginx as the platform server, and MySQL to manage the background database. The platform provides users with a clearly structured, visual platform to manage ecological risk. By using this platform, users can quickly identify regional risk sources, find and describe risk factors, and predict possible consequences caused by these risks based on simulation modeling. The forecasting model and database can be synchronously updated and adjusted according to the actual situation. The visual web management platform and user security login system employ the MD5 encryption algorithm. The platform is designed to provide convenient, accurate, and scientific decision-making services for urban planning, construction, environmental protection, and other related areas.     

均分等效面设计法的建立及其用于三组分混合物等效面的构建

等效线与等效面在化学混合物毒性相互作用评价方面具有综合、直观、有效等特点。但目前等效面尚无有效的绘制方法,主要原因是三元混合物组分浓度配比缺乏有效、直观的试验设计方法。根据三组分混合物等效面的三角形特征,提出了一种新的均分等效面设计(EESD)方法用于三元组分浓度配比试验设计。最终,得到了组分的9个毒性单位(EC50)比,分别是1:1:7、4:1:4、2:2:5、1:4:4、7:1:1、5:2:2、4:4:1、2:5:2、1:7:1。按照惯例还增加一个毒性单位比1:1:1的等毒性浓度比混合物射线。组分两两混合按照直接均分射线法进行毒性单位比1:5、2:4、3:3、4:2、5:1设计15个二元混合物射线。单个组分在浓度轴上的3个ECx点构成了等效面的3个顶点。这28个等效点采用基于三角形的3次插值得到混合物x%效应的观测等效面。基于EESD构建了[BMIM]BF4、灭多威、敌敌畏的混合物对乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制效应为80%、50%、20%的等效面。等效面分析表明,除了1:1:7混合物射线在80%与50%效应时为拮抗作用外,三元混合物体系总体上为加和作用。同时给出了三元混合物EESD方法设计的一般规则。EESD方法可有效用于三元组分的浓度配比优化设计与三维等效面的绘制。     

The challenge of biased evidence in conservation

Efforts to tackle the current biodiversity crisis need to be as efficient and effective as possible given chronic underfunding. To inform decision-makers of the most effective conservation actions, it is important to identify biases and gaps in the conservation literature to prioritize future evidence generation. We used the Conservation Evidence database to assess the state of the global literature that tests conservation actions for amphibians and birds. For the studies in the database, we investigated their spatial and taxonomic extent and distribution across biomes, effectiveness metrics, and study designs. Studies were heavily concentrated in Western Europe and North America for birds and particularly for amphibians, and temperate forest and grassland biomes were highly represented relative to their percentage of land coverage. Studies that used the most reliable study designs—before-after control-impact and randomized controlled trials—were the most geographically restricted and scarce in the evidence base. There were negative spatial relationships between the numbers of studies and the numbers of threatened and data-deficient species worldwide. Taxonomic biases and gaps were apparent for amphibians and birds—some entire orders were absent from the evidence base—whereas others were poorly represented relative to the proportion of threatened species they contained. Metrics used to evaluate effectiveness of conservation actions were often inconsistent between studies, potentially making them less directly comparable and evidence synthesis more difficult. Testing conservation actions on threatened species outside Western Europe, North America, and Australasia should be prioritized. Standardizing metrics and improving the rigor of study designs used to test conservation actions would also improve the quality of the evidence base for synthesis and decision-making.     

基于内容分析法的旅游安全管理政策设计研究

基于系统角度探讨了旅游安全管理的目标,借鉴公共部门激励、企业监管和旅游者行为等相关研究构建了政策效力—政策目标—政策工具的分析框架,并运用内容分析法对我国104份政策文件进行分析。结果发现:目前我国旅游安全管理法制建设仍不健全,政策工具使用存在对地方政府、旅游企业和旅游者激励不足的问题。在此基础上,提出完善旅游安全管理法律体系,优化对地方政府的激励机制设置,灵活运用政策工具等建议。     

基于GIS的机场应急救援演练系统开发与应用研究

针对我国机场在应急救援演练工作中,缺乏演练过程和监控记录、演练成本高且效果差、评价环节不科学等问题,基于GIS技术建立机场应急救援演练系统,论述系统功能需求、总体框架、实现方法和技术路线。实例证明:系统以GIS技术为基础,能够实现机场应急救援演练全过程记录,基本达到民用运输机场应急救援演练及培训全过程的信息化、集成化要求,可为全国其他机场开展应急救援演练系统工程应用提供参考。     

Fluoride removal from secondary effluent of the graphite industry using electrodialysis: Optimization with response surface methodology

RSM was utilized to optimize and model influential parameters on fluoride removal. Regression models involving independent variables and main response were developed. Interactive effects and optimum of process factors were illuminated and determined. Fluoride removal efficiency of 99.69% was observed in optimal process conditions. Response surface methodology was utilized to model and optimize the operational variables for defluoridation using an electrodialysis process as the treatment of secondary effluent of the graphite industry. Experiments were conducted using a Box-Behnken surface statistical design in order to evaluate the effects and the interaction of the influential variables including the operational voltage, initial fluoride concentration and flow rate. The regression models for defluoridation and energy consumption responses were statistically validated using analysis of variance (ANOVA); high coefficient of determination values (R² = 0.9772 and R² = 0.9814; respectively) were obtained. The quadratic model exhibited high reproducibility and a good fit of the experimental data. The optimum values of the initial fluoride concentration, voltage and flow rate were found to be 13.9 mg/L, 13.4 V, 102.5 L/h, respectively. A fluoride removal efficiency of 99.69% was observed under optimum conditions for the treatment of the secondary effluent of the graphite industry.