密度泛函方法预测二英类化合物(PCDD/Fs)的正辛醇/水分配系数

在B3LYP/6-31G水平上全优化计算了多氯代二苯并—对-二英和多氯代二苯并呋喃(PCDD/Fs)系列物的分子结构;基于得到的分子结构描述符,依据修正的线性溶解能理论,分别建立了PCDDs和PCDFs的正辛醇/水分配系数的定量结构-性质关系模型(R2分别为0.985和0.966),并用交叉验证法对模型进行了验证(q2分别为0.983和0.936),用t-检验对各变量进行了检验.检验结果表明,模型的预测能力优于AM1法、单苯环氯取代指数法和拓扑量子方法得出的模型.     

黄土表面酸碱性质的研究

在不同浓度支持电解质条件下，利用滴定方法研究黄土样品的表面酸碱属性，将酸量滴定上清液作为体系空白以补偿固体颗粒溶解和份间络合反应对定量估算子质子消耗的影响，两种简易的表面络合模式的拟合结果表明，恒定容量模型和扩散层模式分别适用于高离子强度（0.1mg/L）和低离子强度（0.01和0.005mol/L）条件下黄土表面的质子反应过程。     

基于DPeRS模型的海河流域面源污染潜在风险评估

运用DPeRS（diffuse pollution estimation with remote sensing）模型对海河流域面源污染物的空间分布特征和污染来源进行遥感像元尺度解析,结合地表水质评价标准,构建了面源污染潜在风险分级方法,评估了海河流域面源污染潜在风险.结果表明：污染量上,海河流域总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）和化学需氧量（COD）面源污染排放负荷分别为429.2、25.7、288.3和1017.0 kg ·km^-2,入河量分别为2.5万t、1597.2 t、1.7万t和6.6万t;污染类型上,农田径流是海河流域最主要的氮磷型（TN、TP和NH₄⁺-N）面源污染源,对于COD指标,城镇生活是首要污染类型,其次为畜禽养殖;空间分布上,海河流域中部和南部地区面源污染负荷较高,此区域也是该流域面源污染高风险集中分布区,氮磷型面源污染高风险区域分布相对较为集中,化学需氧量型则较为零散;海河流域有36%以上的区域存在氮磷型面源污染风险,有2.94%的区域存在化学需氧量型面源污染风险.     

一种基于离心机试验辨识惯导平台误差系数的方法

针对离心机试验中惯导平台误差系数辨识问题,提出了一种基于谐波分析辨识误差系数的方法。首先,根据惯性器件误差模型推导了离心机试验下陀螺和加速度计的输出方程,其输出由各阶谐波分量构成。然后通过傅里叶分析得到各项谐波的幅值。最后根据谐波幅值与各项误差系数之间的关系反解得到各项误差系数。仿真结果验证了方法的有效性。     

东平湖CDOM吸收光谱特性及其来源解析

为分析东平湖有色可溶性有机物（CDOM）吸收特性、来源和空间分布的季节变化,分别于2013年8、12月以及2014年3月采集了35个表层水样,分析了各基本水质参数、CDOM吸收系数[a（440）]、比吸收系数[a^*（440）]和相对分子量参数M值的分布规律及CDOM吸收系数与水质参数之间的相关关系.结果表明：东平湖CDOM吸收系数a（440）呈现出枯水期 > 丰水期 > 平水期的规律,空间分布与CDOM比吸收系数[a^*（440）]相似.M值呈现出丰水期 < 平水期 < 枯水期的变化趋势.丰水期CDOM吸收系数与叶绿素a（Chla）具有显著相关关系;丰、平水期两季CDOM吸收系数与DOC存在显著相关关系.丰水期CDOM同时受外源和内源输入的影响,但以内源输入为主,主要来源于浮游植物降解产物;老湖镇湖区外源特征明显.平水期CDOM亦受内源和外源输入的双重影响,但浮游植物的腐烂降解不是CDOM的主要来源;北部湖区以外源输入为主.枯水期CDOM整体表现出较强的自生源特征,但相关分析显示,浮游植物降解并不是CDOM的主要来源,自生源特征可能与挖沙活动导致的悬浮物浓度增高有关;东南湖区因大汶河输入的影响呈现出较强的外源特征.利用东平湖丰、平水期两季CDOM浓度反演DOC浓度具有可行性.     

Assessing the performance of motorcyclists’ impact protectors in simulated ATD knee and shoulder impacts

Objective: Fractures are a common injury among motorcycle riders and can have serious health implications. Impact protection (IP) has been designed to help prevent fractures, yet there are conflicting opinions as to whether this IP does in fact help prevent fractures in real-world crashes. This work aimed to (1) use simulated dummy impacts to examine whether existing types of IP could reduce the force transferred to the underlying bone to below fracture tolerance levels and (2) investigate whether current European Standard (EN 1621-1) test procedures for impact protectors designed for motorcyclists are sufficient to ensure fracture protection.

Method: Twenty-three shoulder and 7 knee IP specimens were tested using a 23-kg impactor contacting axially along the clavicle and femur of an anthropomorphic test device (ATD) at an energy level corresponding to the fracture tolerance of these bones. Sixteen IP specimens were the same as those worn by motorcycle riders involved in crashes where injury outcome was known (knee: n?=?3; shoulder: n?=?13) and the IP had been previously tested to EN 1621-1. Other IP tested represented a wide range of IP available for purchase at a motorcycle accessory store. Double and triple layers of IP were also tested. Energy attenuated during the dummy impacts was compared to energy attenuated when tested to EN 1621-1.

Results: Of the 23 shoulder IP tested, the average percentage reduction of transferred force to the shoulder from the baseline test was 7.6?±?4.8%. The percentage reduction of transferred force to the knee from the baseline was 43.9?±?7.5%. The entire group of knee IP tested reduced the transferred force to the knee to below the 10-kN injury threshold for the femur. There was a positive but nonsignificant correlation between the ATD test and the EN 1621-1 impact test performance, suggesting that the European standard test method likely provides a good indication of IP performance. However, given the low correlation coefficient, the relationship between IP performance in the European standard test method and injury protection remains unclear.

Conclusion: Though the energy attenuation test method in the European standard may be an appropriate approach, distinct differences in injury protection performance observed between knee and shoulder IP indicate that there may be a need for different performance criteria for IP designated to protect different body regions.     

Heterogeneous uptake of gaseous hydrogen peroxide on mineral dust

The heterogeneous uptake processes of hydrogen peroxide on Arizona test dust and two types of authentic Chinese mineral dusts, i.e., Inner Mongolia desert dust and Xinjiang calciferous dust, were investigated using a Knudsen cell reactor coupled with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The uptake coefficients were measured as a function of the initial concentration of H_2O_2 from 2.6 × 10~(11) to 1.2 × 10~(12)molecules/cm~3, and the temperature dependence of the uptake coefficients was investigated over a range from 253 to 313 K. The concentration of H_2O_2 showed little effect on the uptake coefficients of these heterogeneous processes. As a function of temperature, the initial uptake coefficients decrease with increasing temperature, whereas the steady state uptake coefficients of Arizona test dust and Inner Mongolia desert dust increase with increasing temperature. Implications for the understanding of the uptake processes onto mineral dust samples were also discussed.     

室内火灾烟雾对微波衰减的影响研究

针对建筑室内火灾烟雾环境对微波信号的干扰问题,利用火灾标准实验间和微波实验装置,研究棉绳阴燃、聚氨酯明火等四种典型火灾烟雾对频率分别为600 MHz和2.7GHz微波衰减特性的影响规律。在有和无火灾烟雾环境下,对比分析入射波频率、烟雾浓度、烟雾类型对微波衰减的影响。实验结果表明,四种火灾烟雾对微波传播有明显衰减,且衰减量均随烟雾浓度的增加而增加,而衰减速率逐渐减小。频率以及不同特性类型的烟雾对微波衰减特性的规律不同。最后,计算并修正了室内火灾烟雾环境下微波衰减因子模型的衰减因子,提高了该模型在火灾烟雾环境下的适用性和准确性。     

固体声在建筑物内的衰减、反射和透射

固体声波在建筑物内传播会产生衰减、反射和透射。文中对居民楼内的固体传声进行了理论分析,认为建筑物内固体声传播过程中存在扩散衰减、结构突变衰减和阻尼损失衰减。同时,固体声波在墙体或楼板内反射使声能密度大大增加;固体声在传播过程中会向空气中透射,使得居民室内产生结构噪声污染。文中对某小区变压器房结构噪声进行理论分析和计算,预测了变压器房上方室内的结构噪声级,计算结果表明,当设备基础上振动级达到90 dB时,二楼居民室内的结构噪声级可达到41.3 dB,这对人们的正常生活会产生十分不利的影响。计算值与实际测量值较为吻合,说明理论分析和预测计算基本是可信的。