Dissolution kinetics of high explosives particles in a saturated sandy soil

Solid phase high explosive (HE) residues from munitions detonation may be a persistent source of soil and groundwater contamination at military training ranges. Saturated soil column tests were conducted to observe the dissolution behavior of individual components (RDX, HMX, and TNT) from two HE formulations (Comp B and C4). HE particles dissolved readily, with higher velocities yielding higher dissolution rates, higher mass transfer coefficients, and lower effluent concentrations. Effluent concentrations were below solubility limits for all components at superficial velocities of 10-50 cm day(-1). Under continuous flow at 50 cm day(-1), RDX dissolution rates from Comp B and C4 were 34.6 and 97.6 microg h(-1) cm(-2) (based on initial RDX surface area), respectively, significantly lower than previously reported dissolution rates. Cycling between flow and no-flow conditions had a small effect on the dissolution rates and effluent concentrations; however, TNT dissolution from Comp B was enhanced under intermittent-flow conditions. A model that includes advection, dispersion, and film transfer resistance was developed to estimate the steady-state effluent concentrations.     

基于DGT技术的广西碳酸盐岩区稻米镉含量主控因素

为探究广西碳酸盐岩区水稻在地质高背景下影响稻米Cd富集的主控因素,以广西西南部和北部碳酸盐岩区水稻籽粒-根系土壤样品为基础,同时结合梯度扩散薄膜技术(DGT),分析讨论了土壤pH、有机质(OM)、阳离子交换量(CEC)和DGT-Cd等与水稻籽粒ω(rice-Cd)-BCF值的关系,通过主成分分析确定主要因素并建立定量模...     

一种曝气过滤元件的特性研究

针对膜生物反应器面临的膜污染问题,开发一种新型的曝气过滤元件,该元件一方面可恢复元件污染造成的通量的下降,另一方面可有效补偿微生物反应过程中对氧的需求.在清水、高岭土配水、活性污泥3种条件下研究了该元件的过滤通量的特性,得出该元件在清水和高岭土配水条件下具有大通量特性,并分析了在活性污泥条件下失去大通量的原因.确定了元件2的优化实验条件:压力0.15 MPa,元件过滤表面冲刷速率9.26 m/s,曝气强度18 m3/(h*m2),运行时间70 min,曝气时间5 min.曝气反冲前后过滤通量的变化情况初步表明了气体反冲对过滤通量的恢复效果显著.      

河流污染物通量估算方法分析(Ⅰ)——时段通量估算方法比较分析

通过对河流时段通量所采用的估算方法的误差比较分析,说明了实测河流断面时段通量中时间平均离散通量的贡献;并讨论了污染源的点源、非点源类型的差别对选择年通量估算方法的影响.通过实例探讨了河流长时间通量估算方法的使用范围,对估算方法的取舍原则进行了分析.      

青岛近海PCDD/Fs的沉积通量、毒性当量及来源

用高分辨率气相色谱-质谱方法对青岛胶州湾内外表层沉积物、柱状岩心及贻贝样品中的17种毒性多氯代二苯并二 /呋喃(PCDD/Fs)进行了分析和讨论.表层沉积物的SP_4-8CDD/Fs含量范围在11.6～369pg/g dw,主要以P_4-8CDFs为主.S2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs含量范围4.1～232.4pg/g dw.在环流作用下沉积物中形成了明显的东-西分布格局.除河口处外,PCDD/F同系物分布基本上相同,即低氯代PCDD/Fs占主导.SP_4-8CDD/Fs沉积通量从1951年起逐渐增大,STEQ沉积通量从1980年显著增大.青岛近海PCDD/Fs的来源相对恒定,推测为城市污水污泥和大气沉降.贝肉中S2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs为2.9～5.1pg/g dw. TEQ的主要来源为2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF(35%)、2,3,7,8-TCDF(30%)、2,3,7,8,-TCDD(30%).     

南京市不同功能区大气降尘的沉降通量及污染特征

选择南京市的钢铁工业区、工业与居民混合区、交通干道、居民生活区、风景区、城市郊区6种典型城市功能区,按月定期收集降尘,计算沉降通量.应用ICP-AES分析降尘中元素的含量,比较其化学组成和污染物特征.结果表明,研究期间南京市降尘沉降通量为3.39～65.95g/(m²·月),工业区降尘通量显著高于其他区域,说明其局部来源的贡献超过了区域背景;不同功能区降尘中地壳元素绝对含量均较高,为主要的成分,而一些污染元素(Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、As)的含量在工业混合区和钢铁工业区则相对较高.降尘中Ca、Cu、Zn、Pb的富集系数均>10.北方远程来源的降尘对南京地区的影响很大,特别是对该地区的土壤“复钙”作用有很大的影响.     

A performance comparison between nonlinear similarity functions in bulk parameterization for very stable conditions

Three sets of nonlinear similarity functions for strong stability are selected to compare their performance in bulk parameterization. To uncover their advantages and disadvantages, theoretical and measurement analyses are made with four profile metrics and the Deacon number technique. Main disadvantages include the negligence of the different transfer efficiency between momentum and heat, the flux cutoff due to the upper limit in gradient Richardson number (Ri) and the ignorance of limited stability range where the dimensionless gradient functions ( and ) approach constants. Accordingly, three suggestions are made for future improvement. First, the functions for wind velocity and potential temperature should have the same function form, but with different coefficients. Second, and should approach constants only within a certain stability range. Third, the limit value in Ri should be avoided to widen their applicability in flux modeling. Furthermore, quantitative comparisons in transfer coefficients for moment and sensible heat (C _D and C _H) are made among the similarity functions in the bulk Richardson number (Ri _B) range 0 < Ri _B < 1. Generally, significant discrepancy is found, which may approach a factor of two and three at large Ri _B in C _D and C _H, respectively. Finally, a new recommendation is made to one of the three sets, mainly because of its ability to predict C _D and C _H that decrease rather slowly in very stable conditions.     

Comparisons of Measured and Modelled Ozone Deposition to Forests in Northern Europe

The performance of a new dry deposition module, developedfor the European-scale mapping and modelling of ozone flux to vegetation, was tested against micrometeorological ozone and water vapour flux measurements. The measurement data are for twoconiferous (Scots pine in Finland, Norway spruce in Denmark) and one deciduous forest (mountain birch in Finland). On average, themodel performs well for the Scots pine forest, if local inputdata are used. The daytime deposition rates are somewhat over-predicted at the Danish site, especially in the afternoon. The mountain birch data indicate that the generic parameterisationof stomatal responses is not very representative of this northernspecies. The module was also tested by using modelled meteorological data that constitute the input for a photochemical transport model.     

甲基汞的大气-水-土壤界面交换通量

通过模拟实验和野外实测,对甲基汞在大气－水和大气－土壤的界面交换进行了初步研究．结果表明,甲基汞释放通量与水中的甲基汞浓度有关,水－气体系中甲基汞释放通量大于水－土－气体系中甲基汞释放通量;甲基汞在大气－土壤界面的释放通量为０．２１～３．０９ｎｇ·ｍ^-2·ｈ^-1;在大气－水界面的释放通量为０．１４～０．７９ｎｇ·ｍ^-2·ｈ^-1．     

青岛近岸海域二甲基硫排放和大气中二甲基硫浓度变化

为研究我国受人为干扰严重的近岸海域DMS排放规律,利用固体吸附-解吸的富集采样方法和冷却预浓缩的分析方法,分别在2001年夏秋季和2002年春秋季,对青岛近岸海域海水和大气中的二甲基硫进行了采样和分析.结果表明,海水中DMS浓度和海气排放通量呈现明显的空间分布和季节变化.夏季,青岛近岸的海水DMS平均浓度最高,达1169.47 ng·L^-1;春季最低,只有226.99 ng·L^-1.河口区、风景旅游区和奥运赛场区在夏季有显著的从高到低的浓度梯度变化,而春秋季不明显.DMS海气排放通量主要由海水浓度决定,因此两者呈现一致的变化规律.海洋大气中的DMS也呈现夏季较高(256.44 ng·m^-3),秋季较低(195.64 ng·m^-3)的季节变化.文中还初步探讨了大气DMS的日变化情况.