喀斯特土壤微生物和活性有机碳对生态恢复的快速响应

喀斯特地区普遍面临生态退化的问题,退耕还林作为其重要的生态恢复措施之一而备受关注。土壤活性有机碳通常较总有机碳对环境变化和干扰更加敏感,此外土壤微生物对环境变化和干扰亦十分敏感。然而,关于喀斯特不同时间尺度退耕还林土壤活性有机碳和微生物的系统研究尚少见报导。为了揭示土壤活性有机碳和微生物对喀斯特生态恢复的快速指示作用,为喀斯特生态恢复评价和生态环境治理提供科学依据,以广西古周村典型喀斯特景观为代表,采用空间代替时间的方法,选取不同年限（2 a、4 a、8 a、12 a）退耕还林地和玉米耕地对照样地,研究了表层土壤微生物指标和活性有机碳指标随退耕还林的变化特征。研究结果显示,较耕地对照相比,退耕还林8 a后,土壤总有机碳（TOC）质量分数才发生显著变化,提升24%;而还林2 a后,土壤水溶性有机碳（WSOC）、颗粒有机碳（POC）和易氧化有机碳（KMnO4-C）的绝对含量便分别显著提高62%、36%和38%,相对含量分别显著提升60%、34%和36%,且随还林年限的延长呈升高趋势;退耕还林2 a后,土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）、基础呼吸（BR）和微生物商（MBC︰TOC）分别显著增加56%、27%和54%,并随还林年限的延长呈逐渐升高趋势;土壤微生物代谢熵（qCO2）在退耕还林2 a后显著降低19%,之后随还林年限延长呈下降趋势。本研究表明,土壤活性有机碳及土壤微生物指标可以作为喀斯特生态恢复的早期指示者。     

生物法脱氮新技术及研究进展

生物法脱氮技术一直是水处理领域所关注的热点和难点。本文对几种近年来新研究的生物法脱氮工艺和理论基础做了简要介绍和分析,并评述了它们的研究进展和发展方向,为污水生物脱氮技术更深入的研究提供了借鉴。     

Restoration of hyper-eutrophic water with a modularized and air adjustable constructed submerged plant bed

A modularized and air adjustable constructed submerged plant bed (CSPB) which can be used to restore the eutrophic water is introduced in this paper. This plant bed helps hydrophyte grow under poor conditions such as frequently changed water depth, impaired water transparency, algae bloom and substantial duckweed in summer, which are not naturally suitable for growing hydrophyte. This pilot study in Waihuan River of Tianjin, China, revealed that reduction of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphorus (TP) by the use of CSPB could be reached 30%–35%, 35%–40%, 30%–40% respectively in the growing season (from March to October) and 5%–10%, 5%–15%, 7%–20% respectively in the winter (from November to February) when the detention time was 6 d. The relationships between the concentration of COD, TN, TP and the detention time fit the first-order kinetic equation well and the coefficients of determination (R²) were all above 0.9. The attenuation coefficients k of the kinetic equation were a function of the water temperature. When the water temperature was quite low or quite high, k was not significantly changed with increasing or decreasing water temperature. While when the temperature was in a moderate range, an increase or decrease of water temperature would lead to a rapid increase or decrease in k.     

土壤连续属性空间插值方法及其精度的研究进展

作为土壤变化的时空定量监测方法,土壤属性空间插值方法及其精度是计量土壤学和"数字土壤"领域的重要研究内容。文章首先介绍了土壤属性空间插值的常用方法,包括克立格插值法(Kriging)、反距离权重法(IDW)、样条插值法(Spline)、贝叶斯最大熵(BME)、地理加权回归(GWR)以及高精度曲面建模方法(HASM);其次阐述了土壤属性空间插值精度验证的方法和指标;再次总结了能够提高土壤属性插值精度的6种途径,包括合理选择插值方法、准确设定插值方法参数、合理设计采样数目和密度、注意空间自相关程度和范围的影响、科学安排实验分析顺序以及结合辅助信息进行插值;最后从插值方法的选择、验证指标的选取以及辅助信息的结合三个方面指出了土壤属性空间插值方法及其精度的未来研究方向。     

工业VOCs气体处理技术应用状况调查分析

在调研大量工业VOCs气体处理工程案例的基础上,分析了不同工业VOCs气体处理技术的应用状况,包括不同处理技术在国内外的市场占有率、处理气体流量、VOCs浓度、VOCs种类以及所应用的行业等.结果表明,催化氧化、吸附、生物法是应用较多的VOCs处理技术.冷凝、膜分离和吸附工艺多用于处理浓度大于10000mg/m3的VOCs气体,并可回收VOCs;催化燃烧、热力燃烧工艺多用于处理浓度2000~10000 mg/m3且不具回收价值的VOCs气体;生物处理、等离子体多用于处理浓度低于2000mg/m3的VOCs气体.在进行VOCs处理技术选择时,应综合考虑VOCs气体特性(VOCs浓度、流量、温湿度、颗粒物含量)、VOCs处理技术的技术经济性能、排放标准等因素.     

影像纹理窗口大小对山地阔叶林不同群落有效叶面积指数估测的影响

森林叶面积指数是陆地表面过程和地球系统气候模型的基本参数,更是森林结构的关键参数之一,已广泛应用于辐射、植物光合作用和降雨截流估测等方面。论文以川西南山地阔叶林5种不同群落类型为研究对象,基于地面调查的112个20 m×20 m样地和SPOT 5数据,运用5种图像处理技术,包括光谱反射率、植被指数、影像单波段纹理、简单波段比纹理和主成分纹理,提取相应影像信息,建立多元回归模型估算有效叶面积指数（LAIe）。结果表明：光谱反射率、单波段纹理参数和植被指数对LAIe估测能力相对较低,利用植被指数仅获得实测LAIe约65%的精度（R²=0.65,RMSE=0.28 m²/m²）;更为有效的是运用所有比值处理的纹理特征参数值来估测LAIe,可获得实测LAIe约74%的变异（R² =0.74,RMSE=0.20 m²/m²）;改进最理想的是利用主成分处理建立的回归模型（R²=0.85,RMSE=0.10 m²/m²）。不同群落的LAIe估测,整体上相应地优于研究区结果,其中栲群落决定系数R²更是高达0.89（RMSE=0.07 m²/m²）。对于研究区阔叶林以窗口7×7、9×9比较成功,而各群落以窗口9×9较好。因此比值处理、主成分处理的纹理特征参数引入及高空间分辨率数据的使用,能显著提高LAIe估测精度。     

Handling Techniques: The Influence of Weight and Height for Experts and Novices

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the weight of the load (12 kg, 22 kg) and of the height of the grasp (high: 126 cm; middle: 64 cm and 95 cm; low: 33 cm) on the handling techniques adopted by six experienced handlers and six novices having only limited handling experience during a free box-handling task. Each subject had to transfer two sets of 16 boxes from a platform to a four-wheel cart. The observations dealt with the position of the subject at the beginning of transfer and at deposit (position of the back, knees and feet, pelvic orientation, position of the hands), his way of moving during the transfer (position of the feet), and his way of positioning and moving the box during handling (tilt of the box, impulse given to the box, grip change). The results show that the weight and the height of grasp/deposit had an influence on the techniques adopted by expert handlers and novices. Some of these variations are common to both groups but many of them are not, such as the position of the knees, the grips and the position of the box. This study suggests that there is not one method that is suitable for all situations, and that expert handlers may have learned how to adjust their methods to the working environment. A better understanding of the experts’ techniques could help in redesigning efficient training programs.     

联用技术在砷形态分析中的研究进展

摘要：目前用于元素砷的形态分析技术主要是色谱与原子光谱、质谱等的联用,最常用的是HPLC与ICP—OES、ICP—MS的联用,方法准确可靠,灵敏度高,但是不能提供砷化合物的分子结构信息。因此以色谱一电喷雾质谱（ESI—MS）的联用作为定性分析的主要手段,但是ESI—MS灵敏度低,易受基体干扰,因此需要复杂的前处理技术。     

多晶硅切割液废液的回收与利用

结合工程实际,介绍了太阳能产业用多晶硅片切割过程中产生的割液废液的处理工艺及回收工艺,并分析了它的投资成本和经济效益。     

色谱及联用技术在药物污染检测中的应用

医药品是一类新型环境污染物,由于其具有长期输入、环境中降解/去除缓慢、生物效应显著等特性被界定为"准持久性"污染物,受到社会各界的广泛关注.为更好了解该类污染物在环境中的迁移转化规律和生物效应,分析检测是必不可少的环节,本文就近年来我国运用色谱及联用技术检测药物污染的方法进行综述.