The hierarchy and spatial characteristics of ecosystems: A reconsideration of the ecosystem concept (II)

This paper, based on the autonomy concept, continues to investigate hierarchical forms and spatial structure of ecosystems. The former can lead to limits for the selection of the component parts of an ecosystem and a distinction between its endogenous and exogenous variables; and the latter can be lead to a hypothesis of the space of an ecosystem: the space of an ecosystem = its habitat area + supporting area + impact area, and two characteristics of ecosystems, space-overlapping and the area of ecosystem space, have been further studied referring to human activities.     

Opportunities and constraints for Product-oriented Environmental Management Systems (P-EMS)

Product-oriented Environmental Management Systems (P-EMS) are a logical extension of current, often primarily process- of facility-oriented Environmental Management Systems. The Dutch government promotes P-EMS as part of its product-oriented environmental policies. The idea of P-EMS is to enable producers to make environmentally responsible decisions on product development and product strategies, in collaboration with suppliers and customers. This paper summarises example P-EMS projects in The Netherlands for two segments of industry, namely retail and manufacturing industry. Moreover two other initiatives will be covered that deal with the development of tools to facilitate P-EMS in two other industry sectors (food processing and building). Success factors that emerge from these initial experiences are: focus on partners that have a strong incentive to act, application of screening Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) or user-shells for LCA, and focus on improvements that can be implemented on the short term.     

建立上海市突发环境事件应急防范和处置体系的研究

随着人类活动的加剧和工业的不断发展，全球突发环境事件日渐频繁。因此，在日常工作中应加强突发环境事件的应急防范和反应体系建设。防患于未然。文章概述了国内外对突发环境事件的防范及应急处置现状，分析了突发环境事件的特点和危害，简要阐述了建立上海市突发环境事件应急处置指挥系统的重要性及必要性，重点介绍了上海市突发环境事件的应急指挥、应急响应及灾害评估体系，并介绍了与突发环境事件应急处置有关的几个问题。以增加系统的可操作性。同时。提出了加强上海市应急防范和处置系统建设的对策及建议。     

城市供水管网漏损控制潜力研究

在我国各城市普遍缺水的同时，城市供水管网的漏损状况却相当的严重，科学衡量漏损控制的潜力，对于控制漏损和科学地进行城市水资源规划和需求管理非常重要。从技术潜力、经济潜力、社会潜力三方面将城市供水管网漏损控制的潜力进行了分析。提出了以社会最优值作为漏损控制的目标，以社会潜力作为需求管理的依据，同时综合考虑技术潜力和经济潜力。社会最优控制水平和企业的经济漏损控制水平之间有时会存在很大差异。科学的划分政府和企业在控制漏损的义务是非常必要的，如果需要企业的漏损控制水平小于经济漏损水平时政府应该给予一定的补偿，这样才能增加企业控制管网漏损的积极性。     

A review of EMAS in Greece: is it effective?

EMAS certification is a common practice among the European companies. However, based on the data from the Greek Ministry of Environment, only 10 companies were EMAS certified in Greece by December 2003. The aim of this study is to identify and summarize the experiences of the EMAS certified companies that operate in Greece. Based on the results of the study, the major advantage from the EMAS implementation seems to be the closer monitoring of the production process while the main cost item is the infrastructure upgrading.     

大理州电磁辐射环境污染特征及防治

电磁能在人类生产、生活中得到广泛应用 ,而电磁辐射对环境的影响却并不为大多数人们所认识。本文通过对大理州电磁辐射环境污染现状和特征进行分析 ,提出相应的污染防治对策及建议 ,为今后本地区的电磁辐射环境管理提供科学依据     

高压变电站改造的安全监督管理

以茂名分公司动力厂南110kV变电站改造项目为例，从组织措施，安全教育，施工准备，现场安全管理等方面，阐述对高压变电站改造项目的安全监督管理。     

世行贷款昆明滇池流域管理项目效益分析

滇池流域环境管理项目主要是针对控制或削减磷的入湖负荷及其人它如ＣＯＤ，ＢＯＤ，悬浮物，氮等污染负荷而设置的。应用针对滇池对海磷负荷－水质响应的数学模型可以预测此项目的直观效益。即项目实施后，可以避免滇池水质的继续恶化，保持其原有功能，虽然水质的磷指标仍将维持现在的水平，但ＣＯＤ，总氮等污染物可望有一定程度的消减。     

中国多样的生态农业技术体系

中国生态农业的技术体系主要包括①农业环境综合整治技术;②农业资源的保护与增殖技术;③小流域综合利用技术;④立体种养技术;⑤庭院资源综合利用技术;⑥再生能源利用技术;⑦农业副产物再利用技术;⑧有害生物的综合防治技术。中国生态农业的技术体系继承了中国传统农业的精华,充分利用资源,合理保护资源,有效地连接农业的不同组分。文章介绍了中国近１０多年来成功应用这些技术的典型例子,并且指出这将有利于中国实践＂２１世纪议程＂和粮农组织的＂持续农业和农村发展宣言＂。     

广东-海南海岸带生态系统服务价值评估

采用Costanza等的分类系统和相关服务的单位价值，根据广东省1987年海岸带和海涂资源综合调查报告和其他相关资料，初步估算出广东—海南海岸带的生态系统服务的总价值为316．97亿美元／a，其中陆地为187．38亿美元／a、海域为129.59亿美元／a。该总价值占全国总价值的407％，养分循环、水分调节、休闲和水分供给等服务的价值突出，分别为全国总价值的6．17、3.98、3．66和3.37％由于自然生态系统的复杂性和不确定性，以及计算参数和方法存在缺陷，因而得到的只是一个偏低的保守值，有待今后改进。