高Cu、高Zn对白星花金龟幼虫的毒性作用

Cu(铜)和Zn(锌)是环境中最常见的重金属污染元素,为探究其对白星花金龟幼虫的毒性,采用滤纸接触法、人工土壤法和菌渣培养法研究了高Cu、高Zn对白星花金龟幼虫的生长及氧化胁迫效应。结果表明,滤纸接触法和人工土壤法中试验浓度Cu、Zn对白星花金龟幼虫死亡率无明显影响。菌渣培养法中虫体的取食抑制率和体重增长抑制率均与Cu、Zn浓度呈显著性正相关关系;Cu处理诱导了虫体可溶性蛋白含量的增加,抑制了SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)、GST(谷胱甘肽转移酶)的活性和MDA(丙二醛)的产生,对CAT(过氧化物酶)活性没有显著影响;Zn浓度为3 500和5 000 mg·kg-1的处理组可溶性蛋白含量被显著诱导、MDA含量被显著抑制,浓度为2 000和6 500 mg·kg-1处理组的SOD活性被激活(P0.05),Zn胁迫未对CAT、GST活性造成明显影响。表明Cu、Zn污染对白星花金龟幼虫生长具有毒性效应,在评价高浓度的重金属污染对虫体的毒性作用时,不能仅采用SOD、CAT、GST等指标作为标志物,需要综合其他指标进行分析。     

镉对中华蟾蜍蝌蚪生长、变态和Dios、TRs表达以及肝脏的影响

镉(cadmium,Cd)是一种典型的工业毒素和环境污染物,对两栖类生物具有强烈的毒性作用。为了探讨镉对两栖类生物的毒害作用,选择中华蟾蜍蝌蚪作为受试生物,研究了不同浓度Cd对中华蟾蜍蝌蚪生长、变态和Dios、TRs表达以及肝脏的的影响,结果表明,500μg·L~(~(-1))Cd可以极显著降低蝌蚪的变态率、全长、尾长和体重(P0.01);Real-time PCR结果显示,在变态高峰期,500μg·L~(~(-1))Cd可以显著下调Dio2、TRα和TRβ mRNA的相对表达量(P0.05),显著上调Dio3 mRNA的相对表达量(P0.05);透射电镜试验结果显示Cd可以破坏中华蟾蜍蝌蚪肝脏细胞胞浆中的细胞器和胆管中的微绒毛。综合以上结果,可知,高浓度的Cd可以紊乱甲状腺的内分泌和导致肝脏的病变,进而影响中华蟾蜍蝌蚪的生长和变态。     

Persistent organic pollutants (PCB, DDT, HCH, HCB & BDE) in eels (Anguilla anguilla) in Scotland: Current levels and temporal trends

Eels are an ideal biomonitor for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) because of their high lipid content, longevity and tendency to remain within a defined range during their freshwater life phase. This study investigated concentrations of POPs in eels (Anguilla anguilla) from 30 sites across Scotland, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), DDT (and metabolites), hexachlorocyclohexanes (α, β, γ-HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) and pentachlorobenzene. Despite its EU-wide ban ∼30 years ago, DDT and its derivatives were detected in almost all samples. PCB 153 and 138 were the most widely detected PCB congeners, while BDE 47 was the dominant BDE. Pentachlorobenzene was not detected, while HCBD was detected once only. α-HCH, β-HCH and HCB concentrations were very low (generally <3 μg/kg or below detection). When compared with 1986 and 1995 data, the results revealed considerable decreases in p,p′-DDE concentrations. More drastic reductions were evident for γ-HCH, reflecting the tightening restrictions on pesticide use imposed over the previous decades.     

Contrasting effects of black carbon amendments on PAH bioaccumulation by Chironomus plumosus larvae in two distinct sediments: role of water absorption and particle ingestion

Two sediment matrices with different characteristics were amended with chars from different sources for bioaccumulation assay with filter-feeding Chironomus plumosus larvae. Chars greatly decreased porewater concentrations of PAHs (C_iw) measured using polyethylene devices in sediments. In organic rich sediment matrix-based systems where suspended char particles were absent, PAH concentrations in larvae (C_iB) were significantly correlated with C_iw, and there was no difference in water-based bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) between different treatments, suggesting that water absorption was the main contaminant uptake route for larvae. In organic poor sediment matrix-based systems where suspended char particles were present, poor Pearson correlation between C_iB and C_iw was found, but there was a significant linear increase of BAF values with char contents, which indicated that ingestion of suspended char particles could also be important for PAH bioaccumulation. Therefore, we need to rethink of the effectiveness and risks for the application of black carbon to sediment/soil remediation.     

Radon level and radon effective dose rate determination using SSNTDs In Sannur cave, Eastern desert of Egypt

The European eel’s swimbladder nematode, Anguillicola crassus, sampled from the Asi River (Orontes River) in Antakya (Hatay, Turkey) in May 2006 were analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) for their some heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn) levels. The metal concentrations of the parasites were compared to different organs (swimbladder, liver, muscle and skin) of the fish hosts. The parasite contained statistically highly significantly amounts of Fe (P < 0.05). The iron level of nematode was up to 25.52 times than the muscle of its host, Anguilla anguilla. However, bioconcentration of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb, Zn were detected in the A. crassus and it contained no statistically differences with the other tissues of its host, the eel (P > 0.05). Furthermore, no significant differences were detected in the heavy metal accumulations between the parasitized and un-parasitized fish tissues. The analysed metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) were found in fish muscle at mean concentrations under the permissible limits proposed by FAO.     

摇蚊幼虫与霍普水丝蚓扰动对河流沉积物中氮、磷、氧释放的影响

定量研究河床沉积物中的生物扰动对污染物的影响效应,对于维护河流健康具有重要的理论指导作用.基于室内实验模拟摇蚊和霍普水丝蚓对河床沉积物的扰动过程,研究两种生物扰动作用对沉积物中氮、磷释放以及生物扰动对上覆水中溶解氧的影响.在相同的沉积物环境中分别放入单一物种,实验结果显示,相对于空白组,摇蚊幼虫组的上覆水中氨氮、总氮、总磷平均净增量分别为2.32、0.787、0.105 mg · L^-1,霍普水丝蚓组的氨氮、总氮、总磷平均净增量分别为0.72、0.462、0.063 mg · L^-1,表明摇蚊幼虫和霍普水丝蚓的扰动作用均能促进沉积物中氨氮、总氮、总磷向上覆水中的释放,且摇蚊幼虫对污染物释放的作用效果比水丝蚓更明显;当摇蚊幼虫和水丝蚓混合放入后,摇蚊幼虫对沉积物中氨氮、总氮、总磷释放起主要促进作用;在混合实验组(摇蚊23条,霍普水丝蚓47条)中,氨氮、总氮、总磷的平均净增量均低于单一物种的摇蚊组和水丝蚓组,表明在该组中,摇蚊幼虫和霍普水丝蚓在沉积物中共同扰动作用对氮、磷释放的促进效果减弱;对上覆水中溶解氧浓度而言,摇蚊所占比例越高,溶解氧浓度就越低,且上覆水中的溶解氧浓度变化,会影响生物扰动对沉积物氮、磷释放的效果.     

二氧化氯对摇蚊幼虫表皮和肌肉细胞超微结构的影响

通过扫描电镜和透射电镜观察,综合分析了二氧化氯对摇蚊幼虫表皮和肌肉细胞超微结构的影响。研究结果表明:二氧化氯处理后的摇蚊幼虫表皮由于真皮细胞结构被破坏导致板层结构消失,真皮细胞层与内表皮层相分离。真皮细胞的损害表现为核仁变形、染色质固缩;线粒体内嵴减少、解体、空泡化;内质网减少,小池扩张、囊泡化,表面核糖体数量减少。中毒的肌肉细胞内核仁变形;线粒体内嵴溶解,空泡化严重。     

Comparative Analysis of Foraging Behavior in Aquatic and Semiaquatic Spiders of the Genera Argyroneta,Dolomedes, Pirata,and Pardosa

A group of sympatric aquatic and semiaquatic spiders inhabiting Western Siberia (Argyroneta, Dolomedes, Pirata, and Pardosa) has been studied with respect to specific ethological features. The results provide a basis for the conclusion that these spiders differ in a number of behavioral adaptations related to prey catching and the use of common biotopic space. Experiments with the predator–prey system have shown that spiders have different effects on the abundance of bloodsucking mosquito larvae and on the age and genetic structure (at the chromosomal level) of their populations. The functional role of spiders in communities is discussed.     

The Impact of Pollution on the Meroplankton of Gaidamak Bight (Vostok Bay,Sea of Japan)

The taxonomic composition, concentration, and distribution of meroplankton have been studied in Gaidamak Bight, Peter the Great Bay, chronically exposed to anthropogenic impact. It has been demonstrated that, in addition to larvae of benthic invertebrates resistant to pollution, the larvae of other species are always abundant in the bight. They drift with currents from neighboring clean water areas, thus maintaining the high reproductive potential of meroplankton in the bight. Therefore, if this water area was cleared of pollutants, it could be populated again by species that have disappeared from it.     

双酚AF暴露对胚胎期和幼鱼期斑马鱼的毒性效应

为明确不同发育阶段的斑马鱼对BPAF(双酚AF)暴露的易感性,采用暴露试验法初步研究了BPAF对胚胎期和幼鱼期斑马鱼的发育毒性. 结果表明:①BPAF暴露可延缓胚胎期斑马鱼的发育和孵化,使其出现心包水肿、卵黄囊异常、心率下降、心脏搏动停止等症状. ②暴露96 h后,ρ(BPAF)为2.0、2.5、3.0 mg/L暴露组胚胎期斑马鱼的畸形率高达100%,暴露24 h致畸的EC₅₀(半数效应浓度)为2.00 mg/L,暴露96 h的LC₅₀(半数致死浓度)为1.84 mg/L. ③暴露72 h后,对照组幼鱼期斑马鱼鱼鳔发育缺陷率为0;除ρ(BPAF)为1.0 mg/L暴露组外,其余BPAF暴露组幼鱼期斑马鱼鱼鳔发育缺陷率为100%. ④随着暴露时间的延长以及中毒程度的加深,幼鱼期斑马鱼出现的中毒症状依次表现为心包水肿、卵黄囊水肿、背脊弯曲、心跳停止,暴露48和72 h时其心包水肿的EC₅₀分别为1.76、1.56 mg/L,暴露96 h的LC₅₀为1.77 mg/L. 胚胎期和幼鱼期斑马鱼对BPAF暴露响应的差异分析显示,幼鱼期斑马鱼对BPAF暴露的反应更为敏感,幼鱼期斑马鱼的心包水肿症状可作为BPAF毒性响应的最佳指标之一.