Comparisons of coarse and fine versions of two carbons for reducing the bioavailabilities of sediment-bound hydrophobic organic contaminants

Coarse (whole) and finely ground Ambersorb 1500 and coarse and fine coconut charcoal were compared as to their efficiencies in scavenging organic contaminants desorbed from sediment. Aqueous slurries of a test sediment spiked (1 ppm) with p,p^′-DDE (DDE), 2,2^′,5,5^′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB), naphthalene (NAP), or phenanthrene (PHEN), and containing 1% levels of the test carbons were treated by shaking at 35 °C while exposed to clusters of low-density polyethylene membrane (detox spiders). Controls consisted of spiked sediments and detox spiders but no added carbon of any kind and thus represented unimpeded bioavailabilities (to the spiders). After the treatments––agitation periods from 2.5 to 60 h, depending on contaminant hydrophobicity––the exposed detox spiders were analyzed. The fine carbon of either type was more effective than its coarser variant in obstructing contaminant bioavailabilities. The finer variants of both carbons obstructed the bioavailabilities of NAP and PHEN equally well as did the coarser variants of both. Whole Ambersorb 1500 and coarse coconut charcoal were similarly ineffective in intercepting TCB and DDE. Ground Ambersorb 1500 obstructed virtually all bioavailability of all four contaminants and was far more effective than fine coconut charcoal in intercepting DDE and TCB. An additional experiment compared the effectiveness of ground Ambersorb 1500 and fine coconut charcoal in obstructing the bioavailabilities from sediment of a broad array of spiked organochlorine pesticides. The performance of ground Ambersorb 1500 was again found to be superior; the bioavailable levels of each of the 27 pesticides were markedly lower in the presence of ground Ambersorb 1500 than in the presence of fine coconut charcoal.     

芳香类污染物的厌氧生物降解研究

综述了国内外芳香类污染物厌氧降解的研究进展,详细阐述了含氮芳香类、氯代芳香类和酚类污染物厌氧降解的微生物类群与机理.提出了芳香类污染物生物降解今后发展方向的重点是共基质条件下生物降解性研究、厌氧-好氧条件下的生物降解性研究、高效工程菌和固定化细胞技术应用研究、构建基因工程菌和遗传学研究等技术领域.     

超声辐照对水中化学污染物的降解

超声辐照处理水中化学污染物取得了良好的效果，受到人们的关注。论述了超声辐照降解化学污染物的反应机理、降解速度、影响因素及超声辐照对微生物的影响；同时也指出了超声技术的发展方向和实际应用中面临的问题。     

有机污染物应急监测的样品前处理技术

样品前处理是有机污染物应急监测中的重要环节。介绍了热分离进样杆、分散液液微萃取、搅拌棒吸附萃取、固相微萃取等适合于有机污染物应急监测的样品前处理技术,并概述了它们在环境分析领域的应用进展。如何将这些前处理技术与自身拥有的应急监测设备有效结合是环境监测技术人员亟待解决的问题。     

Emerging contaminant control: From science to action

Since the concept of emerging contaminants (ECs) was first proposed in 2001, the global scientific research of ECs has developed rapidly. In the past decades, great progress has been achieved in the scientific research of ECs in China, including the establishment of EC analysis method system, the evaluation of the pollution status, pollution characteristics and environmental risk of ECs in typical regions of China, and establishment of EC control technology system. Continuous progress in scientific research of ECs promoted China’s action on EC control. It is planned that the environmental risk of ECs will be generally controlled by 2035 in China. Priority ECs should be screened for environmental management. Although great efforts have been made, the EC control in China still faces tremendous challenges. It is necessary to bridge the gap between scientific research and decision-making management. Based on the science and technology study, various measures such as engineering, policy management and public participation should be combinedly adopted for EC control.     

基于线性溶解能关系预测污染物在被动采样材料与环境介质之间的分配系数

半透膜采样装置(SPMD)作为一种重要的被动采样器,被用于监测有机污染物的环境水平.SPMD的采样材料是置于低密度聚乙烯"口袋"中的三油酸甘油酯.根据有机污染物在被动采样材料与环境介质之间的平衡分配系数(包括被动采样材料/空气分配系数K(sA).和被动采样材料/水分配系数K(sw))值,可估算SPMD的采样速率,也可计...     

有机污染物生物有效性的评价方法

环境中有机污染物的生物有效性评价对生物修复、生态毒性和环境风险研究有着重要的意义.本文概括了影响有机污染物生物有效性的因素,综述了近年来有机污染物生物有效性评价方法的发展与应用,并对该领域的研究趋势进行了展望.     

Road Facilitation of Trematode Infections in Snails of Northern Alaska

Abstract:  Road disturbances can influence wildlife health by spreading disease agents and hosts or by generating environmental conditions that sustain these agent and host populations. I evaluated field patterns of trematode infections in snails inhabiting ponds at varying distances from the Dalton Highway, a wilderness road that intersects northern Alaska. I also assessed the relationships between trematode infections and snail densities and six environmental variables: calcium concentration, aquatic vegetative cover, canopy cover, temperature, pond size, and community structure. Presence of trematode infections and snail density were negatively correlated with distance from the highway. Of the pond characteristics measured, only calcium concentration and vegetation density declined with distance from road. However, neither variable was positively associated with snail density or trematode presence. One potential explanation for observed patterns is that vehicles, road maintenance, or vertebrate vectors attracted to the highway facilitate colonization of snails or trematodes. Emerging disease threats to biological diversity in northern ecosystems highlight the importance of understanding how roads affect disease transmission.     

环境pH条件下Fe2+活化过二硫酸盐降解有机污染物的效能与影响因素

利用Fe²⁺活化过二硫酸盐（PDS）产生SO₄^-·等高活性氧化物种是去除有机污染物的重要方法.然而该方法通常只有在酸性条件下才能获得良好的污染物去除效果,限制了Fe²⁺/PDS体系的实际应用.为此,分别从不同pH条件下Fe²⁺活化PDS降解水中有机污染物的效能、活性氧化物的种类和氧气的影响等角度,系统分析了中碱性条件下Fe²⁺/PDS体系难以氧化有机污染物的影响因素.结果发现,不同pH条件下Fe²⁺/PDS体系中均有SO₄^-·和Fe （Ⅳ）的生成;中碱性条件下溶解氧可与PDS竞争Fe²⁺,但此时仍有可观的PDS （37.6%~100%）得到了活化且排除氧气并不能提高污染物的去除效果.通过改变Fe²⁺的投量发现,过量的Fe²⁺会显著降低Fe²⁺/PDS体系对卡马西平的去除率,这表明过量的Fe²⁺对活性氧化物种是无谓消耗,是导致中碱性条件下Fe²⁺/PDS体系除污效能降低的重要原因.鉴于此,进一步探讨了零价铁或硫化零价铁替代Fe²⁺活化PDS去除污染物的可行性,并利用同步辐射技术分析了零价铁的腐蚀情况.结果为中碱性条件下PDS的有效活化和实际应用提供了理论支撑.     

Effects of environmental contaminants on fertility and reproductive health

Recent research indicates that the human infertility rate is increasing. Although various reasons have been hypothesized for the growing infertility rate, environmental contaminants are potentially important causal agents associated with this change. Chemical contaminants are widespread throughout our environment and human exposure is virtually unavoidable. The overall contribution of environmental exposure to infertility is unknown, but studies involving occupational exposure, together with results from animal experiments, suggest that environmental contaminants may adversely affect fertility. We reviewed the adverse effects of environmental exposure on fertility and related reproductive outcomes. Environmental contaminants covered in this review include heavy metals, organic solvents, pesticides and endocrine disrupting chemicals. It is hoped that this review will highlight the need for further research in this area.