中国农业领域温室气体主要减排措施研究分析

气候变暖已成不争事实,主要是由于人为温室气体（GHG）排放增加所致,为减缓气候变暖趋势,各领域迫切需要采取减排措施;农业是一个重要的GHG排放源,农业领域采取减排措施对于减少我国GHG排放、保护农村生态环境有重要意义。文章在大量阅读前人研究结果的基础上,总结我国农业领域主要的减排管理措施,主要从农业活动、农村生活和生物质能源利用三方面进行阐述,并简要分析各措施的减排效果和存在问题。分析发现,农业活动的水肥管理是农田温室气体减排的研究热点,但由于地域和管理流程上的差异,对措施的减排效果尚存在争议;农村生活中存在巨大的减排潜力,采取恰当的减排措施不但可以减少GHG排放,还可以改善农村生态状况和环境卫生条件;农村生物质能源有很大发展潜力,合理开发利用,可以有效替代化石能源消耗,缓解能源危机,减少GHG排放,保护生态环境。总之,在农业领域采取积极的减排措施,有助于国家效应对气候变化,降低农业源污染和GHG排放,减轻环境压力,转换农业发展模式,加速农业现代化,促进农业生产的可持续发展和社会主义新农村建设。     

基于低碳经济的能源资源协调发展的研究

能源是经济发展的命脉。经济和能源的协调发展是社会发展的原动力。经济发展离开能源的基础,那将是无源之水,无本之木。所以,经济和能源应该协调发展,社会才能稳步前进。发展低碳经济是利用先进的技术和有效的管理方法与手段,保护资源,保护环境,实现社会和经济的可持续化发展的必由之路;是我国经济发展方式转型,产业结构调整过程中必须完成的紧迫任务之一。世界产业结构的变动,必然影响到开放度不断加大的我国,正是在这样的背景下,我国的煤炭及其他矿产品的出口不断增长。在我国融人经济全球化的过程中,要注意在接受国际产业结构调整对我国经济发展有利影响的同时,要用低碳经济的发展战略模式,避免消极影响危及我国经济的长期、根本利益。应该在这个大前提下,对我国自然资源进行有计划的开发和提高自然资源的有效利用。实现可持续发展已经成为中国社会经济发展的一个重要基本方针,可持续发展不仅要强调对环境的保护,而且应包括如何解决在人口已经高度密集,人均资源相对匮乏,自然生态环境已经十分脆弱的条件下,如何实现经济的长期高速发展,同时又要保护环境的这样一个史无前例的社会实践问题。低碳经济和能源资源的协调发展就成了解决这一问题的必经之路。能源既是重要的必不可少的经济发展和社会生活的物质前提,又是现实的重要污染来源,解决好我国的能源可持续发展战略问题,是实现我国社会经济可持续发展的重要环节。     

Determination of the minimum ignition energy on the basis of a statistical approach

Based on existing MIE test results and new measurements, a statistical analysis for the MIE of hydrogen, ethene and propane is made by means of the logistic regression. The conditions necessary to carry out such an approach are discussed. It is shown that MIE values which are connected with a certain ignition probability could be determined adequately and lead to a more sophisticated result, also with regard to measurement uncertainties. This, in turn, leads to a better comparability and a higher informative content. At the same time, the MIEs of hydrogen, ethene and propane are reviewed. In doing so, a useful contribution to the discussion concerning the MIE of propane is made.     

Explosibility of micron- and nano-size titanium powders

Explosibility of micron- and nano-titanium was determined and compared according to explosion severity and likelihood using standard dust explosion equipment. ASTM methods were followed using a Siwek 20-L explosion chamber, MIKE 3 apparatus and BAM oven. The explosibility parameters investigated for both size ranges of titanium include explosion severity (maximum explosion pressure (P_max) and size-normalized maximum rate of pressure rise (K_St)) and explosion likelihood (minimum explosible concentration (MEC), minimum ignition energy (MIE) and minimum ignition temperature (MIT)). Titanium particle sizes were ?100 mesh (<150 μm), ?325 mesh (<45 μm), ≤20 μm, 150 nm, 60–80 nm, and 40–60 nm. The results show a significant increase in explosion severity as the particle size decreases from ?100 mesh with an apparent plateau being reached at ?325 mesh and ≤20 μm. Micron-size explosion severity could not be compared with that for nano-titanium due to pre-ignition of the nano-powder in the 20-L chamber. The likelihood of an explosion increases significantly as the particle size decreases into the nano range. Nano-titanium is very sensitive and can self-ignite under the appropriate conditions. The explosive properties of the nano-titanium can be suppressed by adding nano-titanium dioxide to the dust mixture. Safety precautions and procedures for the nano-titanium are also discussed.     

A Heart Rate Evaluation Approach to Determine Cost-Effectiveness an Ergonomics Intervention

This paper describes a hear-rate methodology to determine the cost-effectiveness of an ergonomics intervention to reduce workload and improve working conditions. This is a practical approach as opposed to the energy expenditure technique that is difficult to implement in natural settings. This was a laboratory study using a large excavator cabin with devices to simulate excavation operations. Mean heart rate was used to calculate the required rest time during a shift with or without air-conditioning. The criterion for evaluation was differences in required rest time during a shift under these 2 conditions. The simplicity and objectivity of this approach invites use to solve the problem of the economic evaluation of ergonomics interventions.     

硝酸异辛酯的热安全性研究

为了研究十六烷值改进剂—硝酸异辛酯(EHN)的热稳定性与热危险性,采用C600微型量热仪测试硝酸异辛酯的热分解特性.利用热分析技术考察温升速率对EHN热分解特性的影响,并利用活化能、TMRad(在绝热条件下最大反应速率到达时间)和自加速分解速率(SADT)方法评价此改进剂的危险性.结果表明,EHN发生分解反应的起始放热温度和最大放热温度均随着温升速率的增加而增大,且四种温升速率的反应机理是一致的.计算得到EHN热分解活化能在143.6-213.6kJ/mol之间.通过绝热条件下TMRad评价得出EHN在常温常压条件下不易发生危险失控,EHN自加速分解温度为98℃＞75℃,即在常温条件下储运是安全的,为储运硝酸异辛酯提供有力的数据支持.     

The necessity to elaborate minerals policies exemplified by Romania

Mineral resources represent an integral component within a country’s economy. Despite the fact that the need for raw materials undergoes continuous growth–especially in countries which experience industrial upswing–proper measures to secure the access to domestic mineral resources in the long term have only been applied marginally in a large number of states. This lack of future-oriented legal frameworks–referred to as ‘Minerals Policies’–might lead to a diversity of sectoral problems (eg. dependency on certain raw materials imports). Based on data analysis and subsequent demand forecasting comprehensive national Minerals Policies can be derived in order to anticipate emerging issues and to achieve optimum sustainable management of domestic geological resources. The necessity of such concepts is illustrated by the example of Romania focusing on non-energetic mineral resources.     

基于LCA方法评价多晶硅片生产的环境影响

多晶硅片制造是光伏产品生命周期过程中能耗及环境影响较大的环节之一.以四川某硅片企业一期(国内普遍水平)和二期(国内较先进水平)的实际生产数据为例,运用生命周期评价方法的分类、特征化、量化处理方法,定量计算单位多晶硅片生产的环境影响,计算结果显示:国内较先进水平比普遍水平提高了资源、能源的利用率,减少了污染物的环境排放,尤其表现在粉尘排放量、酸化潜值、全球变暖值和臭氧消耗潜值方面;并提出国内多晶硅片企业节能减排方法技术方法为利用清洁能源,提高循环水利用率,改进铸锭工艺,增大晶锭中晶粒的尺寸,改用环境污染物排放较少的硅片清洗原料.     

CNG站压缩机的节能优化改造

压缩机吸气压力低会造成压缩机运行效率低,影响CNG站能耗。通过对华油公司下属华阳鸿运（、NG站压缩机各级气缸的缸径进行改造,一级缸径qbl55ITIIn扩为Ф175mm,二级缸径Ф102mm扩为Ф105mm,三、四级缸径Ф78mm扩为Ф80mm。对比分析改造前后的压缩机排气量和耗电量,得出改造后压缩机实际产能同比增加42%、节电率最高可达31．5％的结论。改造后压缩机安全运行,283d即可收回改造费用。     

天然气净化厂脱硫装置能耗分析及节能措施探讨

高含硫天然气净化厂需对H2S含量较高的原料气进行处理,溶液循环量大、工艺流程长、公用工程消耗量大、能耗高。通过对天然气净化厂脱硫单元的耗能点及耗能关联因素进行分析,从优化工艺方案、采用先进节能设备、回收可回收的能量、减少工艺过程能量损失等方面,提出了热泵、贫液与半贫液分流工艺及板式换热器在MDEA脱硫单元中的应用及改造措施,详细阐述了各种节能措施的优势及适用条件。充分挖掘天然气净化厂的节能潜力,能够创造良好的经济效益和环境效益。