微氧条件下以甲烷为碳源的反硝化实验研究

为探清微氧条件下以甲烷为碳源的反硝化是甲烷好氧氧化偶联反硝化(AME-D),还是甲烷厌氧氧化偶联反硝化(ANME-D),本研究以污水处理厂厌氧污泥为接种物,在微氧条件下以甲烷为碳源进行硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐反硝化的富集培养,考察硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的反硝化速率,并对富集培养物的微生物群落和甲烷单加氧酶功能基因进行分析.结果表明:微氧条件下硝氮/亚硝氮的还原主要以AME-D过程为主,稳定阶段硝氮和亚硝氮的平均去除速率分别为3.69 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1)(以N计)和18.04 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1)(以N计),富集培养物中的优势微生物为甲基球菌科(Methylococcaceae)中的甲基单胞菌属(Methylomonas),相对含量为21.86%.     

微生物絮凝剂的制备及在建材加工废水处理中的应用研究

介绍微生物絮凝剂的富集培养、分离和筛选的方法及过程，并用所制备的微生物絮凝剂对建材中的透辉石和高岭土深加工废水进行了处理研究。结果表明，从某水质净化厂的活性污泥中分离筛选出的三株絮凝剂产生菌对高岭土和透辉石加工废水的絮凝效果好，与有关文献报道的微生物絮凝剂相比具有用量少的优点，有可能作为新一代絮凝剂用于建材非金属矿加工废水的处理。     

Enrichment and exposure of particulate lead in a traffic environment in India

Enrichment of lead in respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) and exposure of human blood to particulate lead in traffic environment were investigated. Samples of RSPM, non-respirable suspended particulate matter (NRSPM) and total suspended particulate matter (TSPM) were collected in 10 sampling sites located on National Highway No. 6, Durg–Bhilai section of Chhattisgarh State of India. Forty blood samples, out of which 20 of highway traffic personnel with chronic exposure and other 20 of general population who were residing more than 10 km away from the National Highway, were collected. Samples of particulate matter were weighed and analysed for particulate lead. Results have shown a higher concentration of average RSPM and TSPM in all the sampling sites compared to the Indian permissible limits. Geometric mean of lead levels was found in the range of 0.880–1.414 µg/m³ (TSPM) in the study sites. Concentrations of lead in RSPM have shown a higher enrichment (range 2.645–3.171) relative to NRSPM. Blood lead levels in traffic personnel and general population were found in the range of 56.70–101.17 µg/dL and 7.92–31.22 µg/dL, respectively.     

青海省海东市平安区土壤Se的地球化学特征

通过对平安区表层土壤样品的系统采集,测定了Se及其它元素的含量,研究了区内土壤Se的地球化学特征,探讨土壤Se富集机理。结果表明,表层土壤Se处于0.04～5.79 mg/kg之间,均值为0.29 mg/kg,富Se(Se≥0.4 mg/kg)和足Se(0.175≤Se0.4 mg/kg)土壤面积分别为121.4 km~2和464.1 km~2,总共占平安区总面积的75.1%,主要分布在古-新近纪棕红色泥岩风化物和第四纪冲洪积物为母质的土壤区。富Se土壤存在两个区带,分布位于平安盆地和拉脊山。平安区Se富集机理主要有两种:平安盆地Se与Sr、Mo活动相近,在咸水、干旱、氧化的沉积环境与盐类物质同时发生富集;拉脊山Se与Cu、S、Mo活动相近,与铜硫化物伴生并受表层高有机质吸附所致。     

Free-air fumigation of mature trees. A novel system for controlled ozone enrichment in grown-up beech and spruce canopies

A novel system for continuous and controlled free-air fumigation of mature tree canopies with ozone is described. Ozone generated from oxygen is diluted with air in a pressurized tank and conducted into the canopies by a system of 100 PTFE tubes hanging down from a grid fixed above the crowns. With 45 calibrated outlets per tube providing a constant flow of 0.3 l/min each, a total volume of about 10*10*15 m3 comprising 5 beech and 5 spruce canopies is fumigated. The spatial ozone distribution in the fumigated volume as well as surrounding reference tree canopies is controlled by continuous measuring instruments installed at 4 levels and a dense array of passive samplers. The system will later be used for CO2 fumigation as well. Results of the first year of continuous operation, with 2 * ambient ozone levels having been achieved, are reported.     

三种杂草不同时期镉质量分数研究

通过在沈阳张士镉污染区按每月8日、23日左右(中国北方24节气日)采集生物量较大的芦苇Phragmites australis、稗草Echinochtoa crusgalli和藜Chenopodium进行Cd质量分数和Cd质量分数最大的时期研究。结果表明:芦苇根Cd质量分数在6月8日(芒种)达到最大值(80.63 mg.kg-1),茎叶Cd质量分数在9月8日(白露)达到最大值(39.40 mg.kg-1);藜根9月8日(白露)Cd质量分数为22.65 mg.kg-1,茎叶10月24日(霜降)Cd质量分数为12.23 mg.kg-1,都是生长时期的最大值;稗草根Cd质量分数10月8日(寒露)达到最大值(182.59 mg.kg-1),茎叶Cd质量分数在9月23日(秋分)达到最大值(37.67 mg.kg-1)。芦苇、藜和稗草根及茎叶中的Cd质量分数一般均在秋季达最大值,而且这个时期杂草的生物量也比较大,因此秋季是最佳的杂草收割季节。另外,稗草比芦苇、藜能更有效地带出土壤中的Cd。     

半透膜被动采样装置(SPMDs)对PAHs 和壬基酚类的静态富集

半透膜采样装置(SPMDs)是一种被动采样装置,它能模拟有机污染物穿过生物膜从水相到生物有机相的分配平衡过程,使得结果能显示出污染物的生物可利用性。它能对环境中有机污染物进行长时间连续监测,所得的是污染物被SPMD富集后的时间权重浓度。本实验测定了温度为18℃时标准SPMD对7种PAHs和3种NPnEO(n=0～2)的静态富集过程,通过测定污染物达到平衡时在SPMD内的浓度和在水相中浓度的比值,求解了各自的SPMD/水分配平衡常数KSPMD。表明了有机污染物在SPMD和水相之间达到分配平衡所需要的时间是随着其Kow值的增高而逐渐增长的,还与其各自的分子极性有关,并且几种达到富集平衡的PAHs在SPMD内的浓度也是随着其Kow值的增高而逐渐变大。比较KSPMD的理论值和实测值可以发现,对于PAHs而言,其实测值都高于理论值,而NPnEO都是实测值低于其理论值。但是KSPMD实测值和理论值随污染物Kow值变化的趋势相同。     

Elevated CO2 facilitates C and N accumulation in a rice paddy ecosystem

Elevated CO₂ can stimulate wetland carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) exports through gaseous and dissolved pathways, however, the consequent influences on the C and N pools are still not fully known. Therefore, we set up a free-air CO₂ enrichment experiment in a paddy field in Eastern China. After five year fumigation, we studied C and N in the plant–water–soil system. The results showed: (1) elevated CO₂ stimulated rice aboveground biomass and N accumulations by 19.1% and 12.5%, respectively. (2) Elevated CO₂ significantly increased paddy soil TOC and TN contents by 12.5% and 15.5%, respectively in the 0–15 cm layer, and 22.7% and 26.0% in the 15–30 cm soil layer. (3) Averaged across the rice growing period, elevated CO₂ greatly increased TOC and TN contents in the surface water by 7.6% and 11.4%, respectively. (4) The TOC/TN ratio and natural δ¹⁵N value in the surface soil showed a decreasing trend under elevated CO₂. The above results indicate that elevated CO₂ can benefit C and N accumulation in paddy fields. Given the similarity between the paddies and natural wetlands, our results also suggest a great potential for long-term C and N accumulation in natural wetlands under future climate patterns.     

上海市冬季PM_(2.5)无机元素污染特征及来源分析

为了解高污染季节上海市细颗粒物PM2.5及其无机元素的污染特征和来源,于2013年1月4日至2月1日在上海3个点位采集PM2.5样品,并采用电感耦合等离子光谱仪(ICP-OES)测定样品中19种元素含量.结果表明,采样期间PM2.5污染水平较高,均值达(90.5±41.2)μg·m-3,且郊区明显高于市区和背景参照点.所测无机元素的空间分布规律与PM2.5一致,但背景参照点元素Zn的浓度较高.采样期间Cd、As、Zn、Pb、S和Cu等人为污染元素的富集因子较高.因子分析结果表明冬季上海市PM2.5具有多源性,主要来源于燃煤、自然尘、燃油以及机动车.     

镇江城市道路沉积物中重金属污染的来源分析

道路沉积物是一重要环境介质,其颗粒物积累的潜在毒性对于城市水体是一重要危害,因此,识别道路沉积物重金属的含量及来源就显得尤其重要.分析了采集于镇江市商业区、河滨公园、居民区和交通繁忙区的62个样品中的Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr和Ni 5种重金属,它们在交通繁荣区含量最大,Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni含量在商业区、河滨公园和居民区并无明显差异.通过主成分分析识别道路沉积物中重金属的来源,发现不同功能区的重金属来源有所差别,各功能区中第一主成分(贡献率70％以上)代表来自交通活动产生的污染源,或者是与工业污染源共同产生的混合污染源;第二主成分代表来自工业污染源或者是生活污染源,并且道路沉积物中重金属与有机质显著相关,最后计算了重金属浓度富集率(CER),以评价人类活动对于重金属污染的影响程度.结果表明,有机质是镇江城市道路沉积物中重金属的重要载体, 人类活动对于该地区重金属污染影响达到中等或中等以上的程度.