室外空气细菌群落特征研究进展

着重论述了空气细菌的来源、粒子特征、群落特征、浓度的时空变化及其群落结构的影响因素.国内外研究结果表明:空气细菌主要来源于自然界的土壤、动植物、人类和水体,另外一些非自然的人类活动也是其重要来源;空气细菌的粒径主要在 0. 3~15. 0μm间变化,海岸边细菌气溶胶的粒径相对较小,而其他地方 84%或更多的细菌粒子的粒径≥2. 1μm;空气中革兰氏阳性细菌占绝大多数,无论在森林、海岸、城市还是乡村,芽孢杆菌 (Bacillus)都是优势菌属;一年中空气细菌浓度夏季最高,冬季最低,一天中则可以明显的划分为 5个阶段: (ⅰ )午夜细菌浓度最低, (ⅱ )日出时细菌浓度达到高峰, (ⅲ)正午细菌浓度积累逐渐上升, (ⅳ)下午后期细菌浓度降低, (ⅴ )晚上到午夜细菌浓度较低;人类活动频繁,动植物较多的地方空气细菌浓度较高.此外,空气细菌不仅与各种环境因素有关,还受到各种污染因子的影响. 表 2参 53     

攀枝花工矿区土壤重金属人为污染的富集因子分析

在环境地球化学研究中,自然异常与人为异常往往同时存在,因此要判断环境污染状况,从自然异常中分离人为异常是十分重要的。文章根据重金属元素的环境地球化学行为,采用富集因子来判别表层土壤中重金属的人为污染情况,攀枝花工矿区的实例研究表明,应用富集因子可有效区分工矿区重金属污染的自然影响和人为影响。     

广州城郊菜地土壤磷素特征及流失风险分析

通过化学分析和土壤淋洗试验对广州城郊菜地土壤磷素特征和流失风险进行了研究和分析。结果表明.广州城郊菜地土壤全磷含量极高;与自然土壤相比较,菜园土壤无机磷比例增大、有机磷比例降低;无机磷中的AI-P、Fe-P比例增加.O-P比例降低,Ca-P比例基本一致;土壤Olsen P、Bray-1 P、Mehlich-1 P、0.01mol/L CaCl_2和H_2O提取的磷含量相当高;土壤淋洗液中溶解态磷和总磷持续保持很高的浓度,土壤磷供应强度大。菜园土壤中磷进入水体引起水体磷浓度增加,导致水体富营养化风险大;土壤磷的测定值可作为土壤磷流失风险和对水环境影响程度的评估依据。菜地应作为农业非点源磷污染的优先控制区、应通过严格控制磷肥的投入和合理施肥等控制磷的流失。     

New particle formation observed from a rain shadow region of the Western Ghats,India

Abstract

This study reports on new particle formation (NPF) and characteristic features observed from a rural site falling in the rainshadow of the Western Ghats in peninsular India. A total of 35 NPF events observed during August 2018 - January 2019 are classified and analyzed here. The apparent formation rates ranged from 0.2 to 10.0?cm^–3 s^–1, while the growth rates of nucleation mode particles ranged from 1.2 to 13.8?nm h^–1. The frequency of occurrence was least during August (core monsoon) and highest during post-monsoon. The local winds were calm and southeasterly to easterly (from the urban centre) supplying the essential precursor gases during October and November, leading to a frequent occurrence of nucleation events. Observations suggest that an increased condensation sink could limit the NPF while promoting Aitken mode growth. The newly formed particles accounted for about 10–80% of the total aerosol concentration. These newly formed particles were able to act as cloud condensation nuclei after growing to approximately 50?nm with an average activation fraction of 0.4.     

遮荫处理对4种草本植物生理生化特性的影响

研究了遮荫处理对少花龙葵、三叶鬼针草、胜红蓟和莶叶片的生理生化特性的影响,结果表明:遮荫处理提高了4种草本植物叶绿素a b含量,叶绿素a/b存在物种差异;4种草本植物叶片最大净光合速率(Pn-max)、光饱和点(LSP)和光补偿点(LCP)均明显下降;少花龙葵叶片MDA和POD含量降低,三叶鬼针草、胜红蓟和莶升高;遮荫处理使少花龙葵、三叶鬼针草和胜红蓟叶片可溶性糖含量增加,可溶性蛋白含量均呈不同程度下降。少花龙葵耐阴性较强,适度遮荫利于少花龙葵生长发育;三叶鬼针草、胜红蓟和莶受到弱光胁迫。     

山西云顶山亚高山草甸优势种群和群落的格局分析

应用DCA排序与双项轨迹方差法相结合的方法,对云顶山亚高山草甸优势种群和群落的分布格局进行了分析.结果表明,群落格局与其优势种的格局关系密切,披针苔草 车前群系、披针苔草 蒲公英群系和嵩草 车前群系的格局差异明显,种群和群落的分布格局不仅受种的生物学特性影响,还受环境因子制约.图4表1参19     

Cd和Cu在草甸棕壤-植物系统中行为特性的研究

在沈阳生态站开展了重金属迁移积累行为特性的试验研究，探讨了不同重金属元素在土壤及作物体内迁移积累变化规律。外源重金属元素Cd、Cu施入土壤后，无论是低剂量还足高剂量处理，水田土壤Cd元素已迁移到45cm的深度，而Cu元素迁移到30cm的深度。早田土壤低剂量和高剂量处理Cd迁移到30cm，而Cu元素只有高剂量处理迁移到30cm的深度。土壤Cd、Cu元素向下层迁移的量微乎其微，重金属元素大多滞留在土壤表层。水稻、玉米吸收的Cd大部分积累在作物体的根和茎叶中，而Cu大部分积累在作物体的根系中，Cd、Cu籽实吸收量占植物体总吸收量的1．16％～3％。水稻、玉米地上部吸收Cd的量〉地卜部吸收Cu的量，在作物体中Cd的迁移能力强于Cu的迁移能力。     

Mercury in surface sediments and benthic organisms from Guaymas Bay,east coast of the Gulf of California

In order to know the concentration of mercury in surface sediments, macroalgae and clams from Guaymas Bay, Mexico, 20 surface sediment samples and several individuals of Codium amplivesciculatum (3), Enteromorpha clathrata (4), Gracilaria subsecundata (2), Ulva lactuca (2), Chione subrugosa (80) and Crassostrea gigas (40) were collected and their Hg concentration was measured by a cold vapor Hg analyzer, after acid digestion. In addition, granulometric analysis and quantification of total organic carbon, aluminum, iron and manganese contents in sediments were performed. A Pearsons correlation matrix was determined and, the enrichment factor, the geoaccumulation index and the biota-sediment accumulation factor were calculated. Mercury concentrations in sediments ranged from 0.3 to 2.3 μg g⁻¹, with the central and northern portions showing the highest values. Macroalgae had a content of Hg that oscillated from 0.058 to 0.134 μg g⁻¹, while the average concentrations of this metal for clams and oysters were 0.063 and 0.230 μg g⁻¹, respectively. A clear effect of Guaymas City and the anthropogenic activities carried out around the Guaymas Bay has been observed and the enrichment factor and the geochemical index suggest that sediments from this coastal ecosystem are moderately to strongly contaminated with Hg. However, according to the figure of the maximum human consumption of Hg per week recommended by the World Health Organization, people can ingest clams without risk to their health.     

粉葛根腐病菌的生物学特性及防治研究

粉葛根腐病是粉葛生产上新发现的一种毁灭性土传病害。作者对病原作了人工分离和接菌试验，观测了温度、pH对病原菌菌丝体生长的影响；对防治药剂进行了筛选和试验，探讨了该病的有效防治药物及对策。