峡谷型水源水库的氮、磷季节变化及其来源分析

石砭峪水库总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的质量浓度均值分别为2.67 mg.L-1和0.04 mg.L-1,其在丰水期最大,平水期次之,枯水期最小;水库富营养化严重,叶绿素a含量和藻细胞密度分别高达50 mg.m-3和10 000×104cells.L-1.水库TN的年输入和输出负荷分别为203.1 t和181.3 t,而TP的年输入和输出负荷分别为4.2 t和4.1 t;外源输入水库的TN和TP负荷均占各自总输入负荷的90%以上;就全年而言,水库沉积物表现为蓄积作用,TN和TP年净积累量分别约为20.2 t和0.8 t;内源污染控制是水库污染控制的关键.     

九龙江河流-库区系统沉积物磷特征及其生态学意义

采用沉积物磷形态的标准测试方法 (SMT)分析了九龙江北溪河流-库区系统16个站位的沉积物磷含量和形态组成,探讨了该系统沉积物磷的空间分布、形态特征及其生态学意义.结果表明,沉积物总磷(TP)的含量为387～2 092 mg.kg-1,平均1 032 mg.kg-1.以无机磷(IP)为主要赋存形态,IP占TP的48%～98%,而IP中以铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)为主,占IP的43%～99%.TP和Fe/Al-P含量呈现上游高、下游低的空间分布规律,与表层水DTP含量和陆源污染负荷的分布一致.北溪沉积物TP含量的高低主要受Fe/Al-P控制.沉积物富磷、高Fe/Al-P比例(释放潜力大)以及"上游高下游低"的空间分布特征,加上九龙江上游水体较低的氮磷比值属于藻类生长磷弱限制,极可能是九龙江水华首先在上游暴发并向下游库区蔓延的主要原因.九龙江沉积物磷的这些特征在水华过程中具有重要的调控作用和生态学意义.     

长江口沉积物重金属的分布、来源及潜在生态风险评价

为了解长江口潮滩沉积物中重金属的污染特征,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)分析了长江口北支、南支和杭州湾27个表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Ni、Ag、As、Cd、Zn、Sn、Sb和Hg 10种重金属的含量,并对其分布、来源及生态风险进行了评价.结果表明,沉积物中10种重金属的含量和介于102.9 ～ 326.4 mg· kg-1之间,北支、南支和杭州湾的平均值分别为180.9、244.7和155.6 mg·kg-1.方差分析结果表明,南支与北支、杭州湾平均含量之间均存在显著性差异(p＜0.01),南支因受沿岸工业污水和生活污水的影响污染加重.来源分析表明,沉积物中大多数重金属的来源具有一定的相似性,主要来源于各种工农业废水、船舶运输、农药和化肥污染,而Ag和Hg具有不同的来源.地积累指数评价结果表明,10种重金属的平均污染程度由高到低依次为:Cd＞ Hg＞ Sb＞ Ag＞ As＞ Cu ＞Zn＞ Ni＞ Sn＞ Pb,Hg和Cd在多数采样点分别为中度污染和偏重污染,南支Cd和Ag的污染程度高于北支和杭州湾,而在杭州湾Hg的污染程度高于北支和南支.潜在生态风险系数评价结果表明,长江口沉积物7种重金属潜在生态风险系数从高到低依次为:Cd＞Hg＞As＞Cu ＞Ni＞Pb ＞Zn,长江口沉积物的潜在生态风险主要由Cd和Hg引起,两者的贡献分别为62.6％和34.0％,各采样点7种重金属的潜在生态风险指数(RI)介于565.9～1601之间,均达到极强生态风险.     

沉积物中多环芳烃的生态风险评价法研究

评价沉积物中PAHs的生态风险对于保护整个生态系统具有重要意义,但迄今尚未建立统一的沉积物中PAHs的风险评价方法.因此,本研究以珠江广州段表层沉积物中PAHs含量为基础,综合运用相平衡分配法和物种敏感性分布法,并结合概率风险表征对沉积物中PAHs的生态风险进行评价.结果表明,沉积物中PAHs的生态风险大小主要取决于PAHs固液相分配过程.通过对不同评价结果的对比分析,总结出了一套沉积物中PAHs的生态风险评价方法.研究建议首先采用相平衡分配法将沉积相暴露浓度分布转化为孔隙水暴露浓度分布,再选择符合实际需求的水体污染物生态风险评价方法进行后续评价,其中毒性数据应优先选择慢性毒性数据.     

程海沉积物重金属时空变化及人为污染与潜在生态风险

沉积物重金属污染是影响湖泊等水体环境质量与健康的主要因素之一.通过对程海9个沉积短岩芯中10种金属元素含量的分析,在~(210)Pb与~(137)Cs定年的基础上,研究了沉积物中重金属含量与污染的时空变化特征;采用潜在生态风险指数法与沉积物质量基准法、并参考重金属污染水平,评估了表层沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险.结果表明,各岩芯不同年代沉积物中,除了Cd含量变化较大之外(变异系数为0.59),其余各金属元素含量变化均较小(变异系数小于0.20);空间上,各岩芯之间每一种金属的平均含量差异较小,最大值与最小值的比值为1.2~1.8,显示了不同湖区重金属较为相似的富集规律.沉积物中主要污染元素为Cd、Pb和Hg,其中Cd和Pb污染始于20世纪80年代中期;近十年来Cd污染程度稍有下降,但仍呈中等污染水平,而Pb污染程度持续增加,属于弱污染水平;Hg污染始于20世纪90年代末期,呈弱污染水平;而As、Cu和Zn仅在部分近表层沉积物呈现较弱污染.空间上,沉积物中重金属污染水平并未表现出明显的趋势.除了大气沉降(主要为有色金属冶炼释放)输入之外,程海沉积物重金属污染还可能受到农业面源与生活污水排放的影响.表层沉积物中As、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn具有较低的潜在生态风险,Hg和Cd具有中-高潜在生态风险.     

Heavy metal content and distribution in surface sediments of the Seyhan River, Turkey

Chemical fractionation of seven heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) was studied using a modified three-step sequential procedure to assess their impacts in the sediments of the Seyhan River, Turkey. Samples were collected from six representative stations in two campaigns in October 2009 and June 2010, which correspond to the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The total metal concentrations in the sediments demonstrated different distribution patterns at the various stations. Cadmium was the only metal that was below detection at all stations during both sampling periods. Metal fractionation showed that, except for Mn and Pb, the majority of metals were found in the residual fraction regardless of sampling time, indicating that these metals were strongly bound to the sediments. The potential mobility of the metals (non-residual fractions) is reflected in the following ranking: Pb > Mn > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr in October 2009 and Mn > Pb > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr in June 2010. The second highest proportion of metals was bound to organic matter/sulfides, originating primarily from anthropogenic activities. Non-residual metal fractions for all stations were highest in June 2010, which may be linked to higher organic matter concentrations in the sediment samples with 1.40% and 15.1% in October 2009 and June 2010, respectively. Potential sediment toxicity was evaluated using the Risk Assessment Code (RAC). Based on RAC classification, Cd and Cr pose no risk, Cu and Ni pose low risk, Pb and Zn were classified as medium risk metals, while the environmental risk from Mn was high. In addition, based on the sediment quality guidelines (SQG), the Seyhan River can be classified as a river with no, to moderate, toxicological risks, based on total metal concentrations.     

京杭大运河江南城镇段表层沉积物重金属富集水平及潜在生态风险评价

以京杭大运河9个江南城镇段表层沉积物为研究对象,研究具城镇源特征的重金属（Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和Cr）在表层沉积物中的富集水平及其潜在生态风险.结果表明,Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd在大运河城镇段表层沉积物中显著富集,分别为所属长江沉积物相应背景值的1.2—6.4、1.8—5.8、2.6—18.7和7.1—22.7倍,Cr...     

电感耦合等离子体质谱同时测定沉积物中12种重金属元素

比较了王水回流、密闭容器消解及微波消解3种不同方法对海洋沉积物的消解效果,结果表明微波消解效果较好;优化了消解体系和程序,HNO3-HF-H2O2消解体系对重金属的溶出效果较好;并建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱测定沉积物中Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mo、Cd、Sn、Hg、Tl、Pb、U等12种重金属元素的分析方法,各元...     

Impacts of Land‐Cover Change on Suspended Sediment Transport in Two Agricultural Watersheds1

Schilling, Keith E., Thomas M. Isenhart, Jason A. Palmer, Calvin F. Wolter, and Jean Spooner, 2011. Impacts of Land‐Cover Change on Suspended Sediment Transport in Two Agricultural Watersheds. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):672‐686. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00533.x Abstract: Suspended sediment is a major water quality problem, yet few monitoring studies have been of sufficient scale and duration to assess the effectiveness of land‐use change or conservation practice implementation at a watershed scale. Daily discharge and suspended sediment export from two 5,000‐ha watersheds in central Iowa were monitored over a 10‐year period (water years 1996‐2005). In Walnut Creek watershed, a large portion of land was converted from row crop to native prairie, whereas in Squaw Creek land use remained predominantly row crop agriculture. Suspended sediment loads were similar in both watersheds, exhibiting flashy behavior typical of incised channels. Modeling suggested that expected total soil erosion in Walnut Creek should have been reduced 46% relative to Squaw Creek due to changes in land use, yet measured suspended sediment loads showed no significant differences. Stream mapping indicated that Walnut Creek had three times more eroding streambank lengths than did Squaw Creek suggesting that streambank erosion dominated sediment sources in Walnut Creek and sheet and rill sources dominated sediment sources in Squaw Creek. Our results demonstrate that an accounting of all sources of sediment erosion and delivery is needed to characterize sediment reductions in watershed projects combined with long‐term, intensive monitoring and modeling to account for possible lag times in the manifestation of the benefits of conservation practices on water quality.     

泉州湾潮间带表层沉积物稀土元素地球化学特征

泉州湾潮间带表层沉积物中稀土元素含量分析表明,泉州湾潮间带表层沉积物稀土元素平均含量为278．82mg·kg^-1,高于中国陆架海底沉积物．泉州湾潮间带表层沉积物稀土元素的球粒陨石配分模式均呈现Eu负异常,模式具负斜率,表明沉积物物质来源主体是大陆地壳．稀土元素含量呈现由内湾向外湾减少的分布趋势．δEu值在外湾沉积物具...