Evidence on the causes of the rising levels of CODMn along the middle route of the South-to-North Diversion Project in China: The role of algal dissolved organic matter

As the biggest inter-basin water transfer scheme in the world,the South-to-North Water Diversion Project（SNWD） was designed to alleviate the water crisis in North China.The main channel of the middle route of the SNWD is of great concern in terms of the drinking water quality.In this study,we tested the hypothesis that the dissolved organic matter（DOM） derived from the planktonic algae causes the rising levels of COD_Mn along the middle route by monitoring data on water quality（2015-20...     

海南岛半干旱区农用地土壤重金属富集因素、健康风险及来源识别

为了解海南岛半干旱区农业土壤中重金属富集因素和污染状况,在感城镇采集1818件表层土壤样品,测定其重金属含量和化学组成.采用相关分析、地累积指数（I_geo）、综合生态风险指数（RI）、危害指数（HI）、致癌风险指数（CR）和正定矩阵因子分析（PMF）开展重金属风险评价和来源识别.结果显示,重金属ω（As）、ω（Cd）、ω（Cr）、ω（Cu）、ω（Hg）、ω（Ni）、ω（Pb）和ω（Zn）的平均值分别为22.7、0.128、33.4、14.5、0.032、9.32、32.5和43.3 mg ·kg^-1,除Zn外,均高于海南岛土壤背景值.相关分析表明,重金属富集与土壤中Fe、Mn、Al和有机质含量密切相关.I_geo结果表明,研究区农业土壤主要受到As的污染,其次为Cd和Cu;RI结果显示,高风险以上的样品占比为29.4%,其中As是潜在生态风险的主要贡献者;健康风险评估结果显示,As、Cr和Ni对儿童存在致癌风险,需要引起注意.基于PMF模型,确定了研究区重金属的4种主要来源,其中Hg主要来自工业排放;As主要来自农业活动;Ni、Cu、Cr和Zn主要来自与成土母质密切相关的自然来源;Pb和Cd主要来自农业活动和机动车尾气的混合源.研究表明PMF模型与相关分析相结合,能够有效识别土壤重金属来源.     

兰州市夏季挥发性有机物污染特征及来源解析

为研究兰州市夏季大气挥发性有机物（VOCs）污染特征和来源,采用实时在线监测仪器TH-300B （GC-MS/FID）等多种设备联用,于2021年7月开展为期1个月的综合观测.结果表明,监测期间总挥发性有机物ρ（TVOCs）为99.77μg·m^-3,烷烃占比最大,其次是芳香烃和含氧挥发性有机物（OVOCs）,烯炔烃和卤代烃占比较小,各组分浓度呈现早晚高,中午低的日变化特征.VOCs臭氧生成潜势（OFP）前10种物质贡献率占57.3%,二次有机气溶胶（SOA）生成潜势前10种物质贡献率占93.10%,以芳香烃和高碳烷烃为主,其中,甲苯和间/对-二甲苯对OFP和SOA贡献最大.采用正交矩阵因子分解法（PMF）进行污染来源解析,其中工业溶剂源（22.25%）、油漆涂料源（21.70%）和机动车尾气源（16.25%）是研究区环境空气中VOCs的主要来源;基于污染源排放清单法,2017年兰州市VOCs排放量为94761.6 t,主要来自溶剂使用源和移动源,贡献率分别为56.70%和18.03%.因此解决兰州大气复合污染问题,实现O₃和PM_2.5协同控制,应以工业溶剂排放和机动车管控为主,重点减少VOCs中甲苯和间/对-二甲苯等芳香烃化合物排放.     

改良型AO法组合工艺中有机物的三维荧光分析

采用三维荧光(EEM)光谱技术,对上海竹园第二污水处理厂改良型AO法组合工艺运行过程中的各种溶解性有机物(DOM)进行分析,并对比研究传统好氧活性污泥法曝气池出水和A/O脱氮工艺硝化池出水DOM的EEM光谱的迁移变化特性.结果表明,各种DOM中主要的荧光物质有类蛋白质(荧光峰A和B)及类腐殖质(荧光峰C),经改良型AO法组合工艺处理后,荧光峰的强度降低了14％～60％,同时类蛋白质和腐殖质的结构也发生了变化；腐殖酸溯源表明DOM中的腐殖酸以微生物代谢产生的带有荧光基团的腐殖酸类为主.     

Quantification of the interactions between Ca,Hg and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of sludge

The interactions between metals (Ca²⁺ and Hg²⁺) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extracted from the aerobic and anaerobic sludge in wastewater treatment reactors were investigated using a combination of zeta potential measurement and 3-dimensional excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy with parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis. Results show that Ca²⁺ had no substantial effects on the EEM fluorescence spectra of the EPS, but their zeta potentials increased with the increasing Ca²⁺ dosage. However, Hg²⁺ had a significant effect on the EEM fluorescence spectra of the EPS, while their zeta potentials seemed not to be affected by the dose of Hg²⁺. The interactions between Hg²⁺ and EPS were elucidated using the fluorescence quenching with PARAFAC analysis, while the interactions between Ca²⁺ and EPS were evaluated by the zeta potential technique. The binding constants for Hg²⁺ and EPS were two orders of magnitude higher than those for Ca²⁺ and EPS, suggesting that the binding mechanisms between Ca²⁺ and EPS were different from those between Hg²⁺ and EPS. The results might be useful for understanding the roles of EPS in bacterial self-protection against heavy metals and the aggregate formation mechanisms through ionic bridging interactions.     

Combined use of molecular biology taxonomy, Raman spectrometry, and ESEM imaging to study natural biofilms grown on filter materials at waterworks

DNA-based population analysis was applied in combination with Raman spectrometry and Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy for the characterisation of natural biofilms from sand and activated carbon filters operated for a long term at a municipal waterworks. Whereas the molecular biology polymerase chain reaction combined with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis approach provides a deeper insight into the bacterial biofilm diversities, Raman spectrometry analyses the chemical composition of the extracellular polymer substances (EPS), microorganisms embedded in EPS as well as other substances inside biofilm (inorganic compounds and humic substances). Microscopy images the spatial distribution of biofilms on the two different filter materials. In addition, bacterial bulk water populations were compared with biofilm consortia using the molecular fingerprint technique mentioned.Population analysis demonstrated the presence of more diverse bacterial species embedded in a matrix of EPS (polysaccharides, peptides, and nucleic acids) on the sand filter materials. In contrast to this, activated carbon granules were colonised by reduced numbers of bacterial species in biofilms. Besides α-, β-, and γ-Proteobacteria, a noticeable specific colonisation with Actinobacteria was found on activated carbon particles. Here, the reduced biofilm formation came along with a decreased EPS synthesis. The taxonomy profiles of the different biofilms revealed up to 60% similarity on the same filter materials and 32% similarity of different materials. Similarity of adherent communities from filter materials and bulk water populations from the filter effluent varied between 36% and 58% in sand filters and 6–40% in granular activated carbon filters.The biofilm investigation protocols are most crucial to subsequent acquisition of knowledge on biofilm dynamics and bacterial contributions to transformation or adsorption processes in waterworks facilities.     

石墨炉法测定铅的基体改进剂的选择

通过一系列实验，选择了石墨炉法测定铅的最佳基体改进剂，并确定了使用该基体改进剂的最佳灰化温度和原子化温度。     

Spectroscopic Distribution of Dissolved Organic Matter in a Dam Reservoir Impacted by Turbid Storm Runoff

Spectroscopic characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a large dam reservoir were determined using ultraviolet absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy to investigate spatial distribution of DOM composition after turbid storm runoff. Water samples were collected along a longitudinal axis of the reservoir at three to four depths after a severe storm runoff. Vertical profiles of turbidity data showed that a turbid water layer was located at a middle depth of the entire reservoir. The spectroscopic characteristics of DOM samples in the turbid water layer were similar to those of terrestrial DOM, as demonstrated by the higher specific UV absorbance (SUVA) and the lower fluorescence emission intensity ratio (F ₄₅₀/F ₅₀₀) compared to other surrounding DOM samples in the reservoir. Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that higher content of humic-like DOM composition was contained in the turbid water. Fluorescence excitation–emission matrix (EEM) showed that lower content of protein-like aromatic amino acids was present in the turbid water DOM. The highest protein-like fluorescence was typically observed at a bottom layer of each sampling location. The bottom water DOM exhibited extremely high protein-like florescence near the dam site. The particular observation was attributed to the low water temperature and the isolation of the local bottom water due to the upper location of the withdrawal outlet near the dam. Our results suggest that the distribution of DOM composition in a dam reservoir is strongly influenced by the outflow operation, such as selective withdrawal, as well as terrestrial-origin DOM inputs from storm runoff.     

基于PMF模型的土壤重金属源解析中变量敏感性研究

为探究应用受体模型对土壤污染物进行源解析,输入变量对模型运行及其结果的影响,以乐安河中上游地区土壤重金属调查数据作为典型受体模型（PMF模型）的输入数据集,并在PMF模型基础方案运行结果的基础上,采用局部敏感性分析法来探讨输入变量变化对模型诊断及源识别结果的影响.结果表明：6因子数情景是研究区土壤重金属源解析PMF模型最佳运行结果;土壤中Cu、Mo、Na₂O、As、Mn和Cd等参数属于敏感变量,这些变量均为每个因子中的主要载荷元素,即每个源的特征污染物;不同变量的敏感性有较大差异,Cu、Mo的总敏感性最大,分别为12.1,8.2,大于其他输入变量的敏感性.因此,在应用PMF模型进行源解析时,特征污染物是敏感性较强的变量,其数据质量的优劣是影响源解析结果可靠性的重要因素.