催化臭氧化降解含微囊藻毒素污水

应用金属氧化物构建催化臭氧化工艺处理含微囊藻毒素污水,比较了不同催化剂的性能差异,分析了催化剂投加量、温度、pH、原水浓度对该工艺的影响.结果表明,选用CuO作催化剂能较好地处理含微囊藻毒素污水.温度与原水浓度对该工艺影响较小;催化剂投加量与pH是该工艺的主要影响因素.实验温度40℃、混合气体流量1.8 L.L-.1min-1、pH=9、催化剂投加量5 g.L-1、处理时间60 min,原水MC-LR去除率达到90%以上、COD去除率达到64%以上.处理20 min,该工艺催化作用去除MC-LR贡献率达到28%、去除COD贡献率达到52%.     

C/N比对厌氧颗粒污泥生理生化的影响

研究了进水的初始C/N对厌氧颗粒污泥发酵类型及产甲烷活性的影响.投加钼酸钠抑制产甲烷菌的一组实验主要研究产酸阶段C/N比对厌氧颗粒污泥的作用,发现初始C/N为12、56、156时,形成的是丁酸型发酵;当初始C/N为200时,可实现乙醇型发酵.不同的C/N比对产酸阶段微生物的胞外聚合物也有一定的影响.随着C/N比的减少,胞外聚合物的总量、胞外多糖以及胞外蛋白质都呈现先增大后减少的趋势,C/N比为56时达到最大值.未加钼酸钠的一组实验研究了C/N比对产甲烷活性的影响,发现C/N比为200时有最高的COD去除率和产甲烷活性;随着C/N比的减小胞外聚合物的总量先减少后增加,厌氧颗粒污泥胞外聚合物在C/N比为200时总量达到最大值.在C/N比为156时胞外蛋白质达到最大值.通过红外光谱发现,C/N比对厌氧颗粒污泥表面基团也有一定的影响,C/N比为200时,出现1350~1260cm-1波段的峰.其他3种C/N比下无该波段的峰.     

Influence of aeration intensity on the performance of A/O-type sequencing batch MBR system treating azo dye wastewater

Among the numerous parameters affecting the membrane bioreactor (MBR) performance, the aeration intensity is one of the most important factors. In the present investigation, an anoxic/aerobic-type (A/O-type) sequencing batch MBR system, added anoxic process as a pretreatment to improve the biodegradability of azo dye wastewater, was investigated under different aeration intensities and the impact of the aeration intensity on effluent quantity, sludge properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) amount generated as well as the change of permeation flux were examined. Neither lower nor higher aeration intensities could improve A/O-type sequencing batch MBR performances. The results showed 0.15 m³·h^-1 aeration intensity was promising for treatment of azo dye wastewater under the conditions examined. Under this aeration intensity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium nitrogen and color removal as well as membrane flux amounted to 97.8%, 96.5%, 98.7% and 6.21 L·m^-2·h^-1, respectively. The effluent quality, with 25.0 mg·L^-1COD, 0.84 mg·L^-1 ammonium nitrogen and 8 chroma, could directly meet the reuse standard in China. In the meantime, the sludge relative hydrophobicity, the bound EPS, soluble EPS and EPS amounts contained in the membrane fouling layer were 70.3%, 52.0 mg·g^-1VSS, 38.8 mg·g^-1VSS and 90.8 mg·g^-1VSS, respectively, which showed close relationships to both pollutant removals and membrane flux.     

2013年秋末黄渤海海水中胞外酶活性水平和垂直变化

于2013年11月6~23日对黄渤海进行了现场调查研究,对42个大面站以及A7、E7两个垂直站位进行了采样及环境参数的测定,研究了该海域海水中的9种胞外酶活性的水平及垂直变化.结果表明:秋末黄渤海表层海水中,9种胞外酶的平均活性由高到低排列为碱性磷酸酶[77.31nmol/(L·h)]>脂肪酶[23.59nmol/(L·h)]>β-D-葡萄糖苷酶[3.87nmol/(L·h)]>木糖苷酶[2.63nmol/(L·h)]>α-D-葡萄糖苷酶[1.58nmol/(L·h)]≈纤维素酶[1.47nmol/(L·h)]≈几丁质酶[1.29nmol/(L·h)]>肽酶[1.09nmol/(L·h)]>β-D-半乳糖苷酶[0.74nmol/(L·h)];表层海水9种胞外酶的活性大都呈现出黄海大于渤海,即南高北低的变化规律;表层海水中的β-D-葡萄糖苷酶活性和纤维素酶活性与温度呈现弱的正相关(P0.05);A7和E7两个站位的胞外酶活性的垂直分布显示不同胞外酶的活性在不同水深有明显的差异,基本表现为表层、10m和30m的活性高于50m、75m和底层的活性.     

蒽醌类物质经多相类芬顿预处理前后对活性污泥特性的影响

以活性艳蓝与大黄酸为蒽醌类目标污染物,分析了其经多相类芬顿预处理前后的可生化性及对活性污泥胞外聚合物、胞内物质、脱氢酶活性、脲酶活性、微生物群落的影响.Zahn-Wellens试验表明,活性艳蓝与大黄酸不能被活性污泥有效降解,而经过多相类芬顿预处理后,其呼吸曲线均在内源呼吸线以上,去除率分别达到了84.44%和86.72%.加入蒽醌类污染物后,活性污泥胞外聚合物的三维荧光光谱中,酪氨酸蛋白的吸收峰强度降低,胞内物质的红外光谱中氨基峰变宽;而经多相类芬顿预处理后,对活性污泥特性的影响不明显.加入活性艳蓝与大黄酸后,活性污泥脲酶相对活性仍保持在80%以上,但脱氢酶活性出现了降低,特别是加入大黄酸后,相对活性仅为67.5%左右.同时活性污泥的微生物群落发生了变化,Gram Positive分别由原来的40.15%增大到了47.72%和45.78%,而Gram Negative分别由原来的39.57%减少到37%和37.15%.但加入预处理后的蒽醌类污染物,未对活性污泥的微生物群落造成明显影响.     

The microcystins-induced DNA damage in the liver and the heart of zebrafish,Danio rerio

Microcystins (MCYST) are the freshwater cyanobacterial toxins, known to induce hepatocellular carcinoma, necrosis, intrahepatic bleeding, as well as human and livestock mortality. Within hepatocytes, MCYST selectively bind to protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, resulting in severe liver damage. The toxicology of MCYST in mice and rats has been well studied, but little is known regarding genotoxicity in aquatic animals. In this study, the zebrafish, Danio rerio was exposed to crude extract of Microcystis aeruginosa bloom. Liver and heart were examined for MCYST-induced toxicity. Light microscopy at 36?h revealed severe, widespread apoptotic necrosis of the majority of hepatocytes, and cytoskeletal deformation in myocardiocytes. Hepatocytes were dissociated with cell shrinkage and margination of nuclear chromatin. Laddering of genomic DNA from the liver and heart of the exposed fish in an increment of 180–200?bp was consistent with apoptosis. Fluorimetric analysis of DNA unwinding was carried out to determine the DNA strand breakage. After 36?h exposure, the % double-stranded DNA was significantly reduced in hepatocytes and myocardiocytes. In conclusion, the results obtained in this study indicate that, the extract of M. aeruginosa bloom is genotoxic to fish. The DNA damage observed in this study may be attributed to the activation of DNA endonucleases. This model of DNA damage may contribute for identifying novel molecular mechanisms of interest for therapeutic application.     

盐度冲击下MBR污泥SMP和EPS的三维荧光光谱解析

利用三维荧光(EEM)技术研究了不同盐度冲击下膜-生物反应器(MBR)污泥微生物溶解性产物(SMP)和胞外聚合物(EPS)的变化规律,分析不同盐度冲击下MBR污泥SMP和EPS的EEM图谱.结果表明,当冲击盐度大于2.5g/L时,SMP的EEM图谱中色氨酸荧光峰B(270nm,350nm)、类胡敏酸荧光峰C(375,475nm)、类富里酸荧光峰D(260,460nm)以及EPS的EEM图谱中色氨酸荧光峰B的荧光强度随冲击盐度的提升而增加,EPS的EEM图谱中类胡敏酸C峰的荧光强度则随冲击盐度的提升而下降.用平行因子分析(PARAFAC)方法确定EEM图谱中存在的4个组分,分别为类蛋白质组分C1(230/280,350nm),类胡敏酸组分C2(290/310,380nm)、C3(290/360,460nm)和C4(270/340,440nm);当冲击盐度大于2.5g/L时,SMP中C1、C3和C4组分的荧光强度与冲击盐度呈正相关,而EPS中C3和C4组分的荧光强度分别与冲击盐度呈正相关和负相关,其相关系数均≥0.90;SMP中类蛋白质荧光组分和类胡敏酸组分的荧光强度之和分别与测定的蛋白质含量和胡敏酸含量呈明显的正相关性,相关系数均＞0.93,可作为荧光组分强度定量计算的依据,而EPS中此相关性并不明显.     

交流电场对生物膜胞外聚合物提取过程的影响

利用电场特性,研究了交流电场的电流、频率大小对生物膜胞外聚合物(EPS)提取过程的影响,当电流密度小于10mA/cm²时,外电场对生物膜内微生物细胞影响较小;提取剂不同则对应的最佳提取频率不同,NaOH提取剂较适合的频率范围是10～100Hz;在电场条件一定的情况下,分别探讨了溶液pH值、提取剂浓度等各因素对提取效果的影响.以EDTA钠盐为提取剂,其浓度为2%时,提取效果较好;以2% EDTA钠盐为提取剂时,pH=10提取效果最佳.     

藻毒素对鱼类肝脏的毒理学效应

以鱼类肝脏为靶器官,研究了藻毒素对鱼类的毒性影响.结果表明,藻毒素在注射和口服两种不同的染毒方式下,均可引起受试鱼类发生急性中毒死亡.对中毒鱼类进行解剖分析发现,受试鱼类的肝/体重比高于对照组.说明无论哪种给药方式,藻毒素都会迅速地、专一地作用于鱼类肝脏,引起鱼类肝脏充血红肿,出现血斑.通过对鱼类肝脏组织碱性磷酸酶(ALP)同功酶谱的分析,可以发现在两种不同染毒条件下藻毒素各剂量组的ALP同功酶谱与对照组相同,均有ALP₁1～ALP₅5条带,只是高剂量组较低剂量组ALP₁～ALP₃ 3条带的着色深,并可使ALP同功酶各组分的相对活性上升.试验结果显示,藻毒素具有极高的细胞选择性和专一生物活性,其在生物机体内所引发的许多细胞学变化主要是对生物体肝脏酶系统的破坏所致,必须引起人们的重视.     

水环境中微囊藻毒素研究进展

随着水体污染和富营养化进程的加剧,淡水水华暴发的频率和强度亦趋严重,笔者综述了有毒水华发生过程中释放的主要次级代谢物——微囊藻毒素的研究现状。该毒素是一类具有多种异构体的环状多肽物质。由于其毒性大、分布广、结构稳定,从而成为水环境中的潜在危害物质。对微囊藻毒素的产生、迁移及转化途径的研究已成为关注热点。微囊藻毒素作为安全性评价的风险因子,其分析方法主要有液相色谱和酶联免疫法等。为改善水源水质,逐步发展了包括物理、化学、生物等手段的控制方法。在总结国内外研究的基础上,根据我国实情,提出了微囊藻毒素在大型富营养化湖泊治理中的研究内容和方向。