Halogenated hydrocarbons and aryl hydrocarbons identified in human tissues

New methods for the preparation and purification of nephrotoxic cysteine conjugates of chloro‐ and fluoro‐alkenes are described. The methods are applicable to a wide range of cysteine, N‐acetyl cysteine and glutathione conjugates and examples have been given of the synthesis and characterisation of two novel glutathione conjugates.     

沼渣协同硫酸亚铁修复Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤

通过稳定化实验、连续提取实验及植物毒性实验,研究了沼渣对硫酸亚铁稳定化Cr （Ⅵ）污染土壤的促进效果与机制.结果表明,沼渣协同硫酸亚铁对土壤中Cr （VI）有良好的稳定化效果.最佳的修复条件为：n（Fe）/n（Cr）=3∶1,含水率为35%,沼渣投加量为4.5%,反应时间为12 d,此时Cr （VI）稳定化效率为99.85%,残余六价铬含量为1.49 mg·kg^-1,满足《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准》（GB 36600—2018）第二类用地筛选值5.7 mg·kg^-1的限值要求.由连续提取实验结果可知,沼渣+硫酸亚铁稳定化处理后酸溶态铬含量显著降低,而可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态铬含量明显增加.风险分析进一步表明,沼渣+硫酸亚铁稳定化处理后铬的风险等级由非常高风险降至低风险.植物毒性分析可知,沼渣+硫酸亚铁稳定化处理植物毒性显著降低.微生物多样性和群落结构分析可知,沼渣+硫酸亚铁稳定化处理后土壤中细菌群落的丰度和多样性均明显增加.     

自动电位滴定法快速检测羟基自由基

利用自动电位滴定仪,建立了羟基自由基浓度检测的一种新方法。对方法的检出限、精确度和精密度进行了全面的分析,并对试验中的主要影响因素进行了必要的讨论。在最佳试验条件下,对羟基自由基的浓度进行了测定,并与常规氧化还原滴定法加以比较。结论:羟基自由基浓度的检出限为5.5×10-6mol/L,相对标准偏差为0.19%,灵敏度为1.7×104。该方法终点判断简单、操作简便、稳定性好、测定快速,可作为一种简便易行的测定羟基自由基浓度的新方法。     

二价铁活化过氧化钙提高剩余活性污泥的脱水性能

采用Fe²⁺活化过氧化钙（Fe²⁺/CaO₂）提高剩余污泥的脱水性能,考察初始pH值、Fe²⁺和CaO₂投加量对污泥脱水性能的影响,并进一步探究了实现污泥深度脱水的内在机制.结果表明,初始pH值为中性,Fe²⁺和CaO₂投加量（以VSS计）分别为3.31 mmol·g^-1和3.68 mmol·g^-1时,污泥的脱水效果最好,污泥比阻（SRF）和含水率（W_C）分别由20.99×10¹² m·kg^-1和86.61%降低至3.91×10¹² m·kg^-1和76.15%.Fe²⁺/CaO₂的氧化使污泥微生物细胞裂解,胞内有机物释放,胞外聚合物（EPS）降解;同时,Fe³⁺促使污泥颗粒再絮凝形成致密、多孔的絮体结构,有利于EPS结合水释放,实现污泥深度脱水.从技术和经济角度来看,Fe²⁺/CaO₂工艺经济实用,在提高剩余污泥脱水能力方面具有一定的应用前景.     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌对亚铁离子的氧化及其动力学研究

采用9K培养基研究了氧化亚铁硫杆菌氧化Fe^2＋过程中,pH和氧化还原电位的变化规律,并对Fe^2＋的氧化过程进行动力学分析,确定了其反应级数及反应速率常数。结果表明,（1）在温度为30℃,摇床转速为150r／min的条件下,氧化亚铁硫杆菌的最佳接种量为10．0％;（2）Fe^2＋初始质量浓度在11．39～21．72g／L时,随着浓度的增大,Fe^2＋达到100％转化率需要的时间增加;（3）氧化亚铁硫杆菌对Fe^2＋的氧化可近似看作一级反应,反应速率常数为0．0527～0．0788h。     

以活性染料为主要成分的印染废水的混凝脱色试验

用硫酸亚铁、碱式氯化铝(PAC)和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对以活性染料为主要成分的印染废水进行混凝脱色试验,阐述了混凝脱色机理,对脱色影响因素和控制条件等进行了试验研究.     

How Plants Cope with Foreign Compounds. Translocation of xenobiotic glutathione conjugates in roots of barley (Hordeum vulgare) (9 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope Numerous herbicides and xenobiotic organic pollutants are detoxified in plants to glutathione conjugates. Following this enzyme catalyzed reaction, xenobiotic GS-conjugates are thought to be compartmentalized in the vacuole of plant cells. In the present study, evidence is presented for long range transport of these conjugates in plants, rather than storage in the vacuole. To our knowledge this is the first report about the unidirectional long range transport of xenobiotic conjugates in plants and the exudation of a glutathione conjugate from the root tips. This could mean that plants possess an excretion system for unwanted compounds which give them similar advantages as animals. Materials and Methods: Barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Cherie) were grown in Petri dishes soaked with tap water in the greenhouse. - Fluorescence Microscopy. Monobromo- and Monochlorobimane, two model xenobiotics that are conjugated rapidly in plant cells with glutathione, hereby forming fluorescent metabolites, were used as markers for our experiments. Their transport in the root could be followed sensitively with very good temporal and spatial resolution. Roots of barley seedlings were cut under water and the end at which xenobiotics were applied was fixed in an aperture with a thin latex foil and transferred into a drop of water on a cover slide. The cover slide was fixed in a measuring chamber on the stage of an inverse fluorescence microscope (Zeiss Axiovert 100). - Spectrometric enzyme assay. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was determined in the protein extracts following established methods. Aliquots of the enzyme extract were incubated with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), or monochlorobimane. Controls lacking enzyme or GSH were measured. - Pitman chamber experiments. Ten days old barley plants or detached roots were inserted into special incubation chambers, either complete with tips or decapitated, as well as 10 days old barley plants without root tips. Compartment A was filled with a transport medium and GSH conjugate or L-cysteine conjugate. Compartments B and C contained sugar free media. Samples were taken from the root tip containing compartment C and the amount of conjugate transported was determined spectro-photometrically. Results: The transport in roots is unidirectional towards the root tips and leads to exsudation of the conjugates at rates between 20 and 200 nmol min-1. The microscopic studies have been complemented by transport studies in small root chambers and spectroscopic quantification of dinitrobenzene-conjugates. The latter experiments confirm the microscopic studies. Furthermore it was shown that glutathione conjugates are transported at higher rates than cysteine conjugates, despite of their higher molecular weights. This observation points to the existence of glutathione specific carriers and a specific role of glutathione in the root. Discussion: It can be assumed that long distance transport of glutathione conjugates within the plant proceeds like GSH or amino acid transport in both, phloem and xylem. The high velocity of this translocation of the GS-X is indicative of an active transport. For free glutathione, a rapid transport-system is essential because an accumulation of GSH in the root tip inhibits further uptake of sulfur. Taking into account that all described MRP transporters and also the GSH plasmalemma ATPases have side activities for glutathione derivatives and conjugates, co-transport of these xenobiotic metabolites seems credible. - On the other hand, when GS-B was applied to the root tips from the outside, no significant uptake was observed. Thus it can be concluded that only those conjugates can be transported in the xylem which are formed inside the root apex. Having left the root once, there seems to be no return into the root vessels, probably because of a lack of inward directed transporters. Conclusions: Plants seem to possess the capability to store glutathione conjugates in the vacuole, but under certain conditions, these metabolites might also undergo long range transport, predominantly into the plant root. The transport seems dependent on specific carriers and is unidirectional, this means that xenobiotic conjugates from the rhizosphere are not taken up again. The exudation of xenobiotic metabolites offers an opportunity to avoid the accumulation of such compounds in the plant. Recommendations and Perspectives: The role of glutathione and glutathione related metabolites in the rhizosphere has not been studied in any detail, and only scattered data are available on interactions between the plant root and rhizosphere bacteria that encounter such conjugates. The final fate of these compounds in the root zone has also not been addressed so far. It will be interesting to study effects of the exuded metabolites on the biology of rhizosphere bacteria and fungi.     

七水硫酸亚铁治理利用的研究

研究用七水硫酸亚铁联产硫酸钾、氯化铁红、氯化铵 ,液体二氧化碳的工艺 ,该工艺不产生二次污染。研究结果表明 :35～ 45℃的氧化反应温度 ,550～ 650℃的煅烧温度、大的氧化相界面积是保证铁红质量的恰当条件。     

钛白生产副产硫酸亚铁的综合利用

对钛白粉生产中的副产物硫酸亚铁进行综合利用 ,以微生物为催化剂 ,在常温常压下用空气为氧化剂氧化硫酸亚铁 ,经水解、聚合反应生成聚合铁。制得的聚合铁酸度低 ,盐基度高 ,对低温低浊水有独特的处理效果