以有机污染为主的河流治理技术研究进展

借鉴国外污染河流治理与修复的经验,并结合我国当前严重的河流污染形势,介绍了以有机污染为主的河流治理技术的研究进展。根据污染河水处理系统与河道的相对空间关系,河流治理技术可分为三类,第一类是将河水引出河道水系,引入附近的污水处理厂进行处理的异地处理法,其中截污工程是异地处理法的关键;第二类是在河道内建设处理系统,沿程进行河水净化的原位处理法,如河道内的曝气法、投菌法、生物膜法和化学法等;第三类是在河岸带上建设处理系统,将河水分流其中进行处理的旁路处理法,如建于河岸上的人工湿地处理系统、氧化塘以及多种形式的生物床或生物反应器等,旁路处理法起着人工强化河岸带的作用,是目前受污染河流治理中值得关注的一条新思路。受污染河流的具体处理方法及空间位置的选择,需要根据实际情况而定。     

Biological treatment of the dye Reactive Blue 19 by cattails and anaerobic bacterial consortia

This study demonstrates the bioremediation potential of anaerobic sludge and cattail (Typha angustifolia) for the treatment of the dye Reactive Blue 19 (RB19). The anaerobic sludge and cattails used in this study were not previously exposed to dyes or other xenobiotics. Different anaerobic sludge concentrations (30%, 50%, and 70%) were used along fixed dye concentrations at pH 8.0 and 25 °C. Subsequently, 50% sludge was selected to treat RB19 at various concentrations. The discoloration of non-hydrolyzed dye was between 70% and 85% using 50% biomass. For the hydrolyzed form of RB19, the range of decoloration was 70%–90%. Dye treatment efficiencies between 50% and 75% were observed for the two forms of the dye when treated with T. angustifolia. Overall, the anaerobic biomass at pH 8.0 showed better potential than cattails to treat RB19. The observation that non-enriched anaerobic sludge can decolorize RB19 is important because it opens up the prospects of developing anaerobic treatment systems, which can easily decolorize dyes in industrial wastewaters and also possesses potential advantages over systems using defined bacterial cultures.     

污泥处理,处置与利用的研究现状分析

通过对污泥危害性分析和对污处理现的文献及工程调查,论述了目前各种泥处理,处置与利用技术的现状并讨论论它们各自的发展方向,评价了污泥再利用过程中的二次污染问题,拽出了以污泥作为第二资源加以合理利用是污泥处理的最佳途径。     

野生马齿苋种子发芽试验

本文对野生马齿苋种子的发芽特性进行了初步研究,结果表明,马齿苋种子发芽受温度、浸种时间、种子贮藏时间等因素影响.温度低于20℃时,不发芽,20℃时开始发芽,发芽适温为25～30℃,温度超过35℃时发芽受到抑制,在25℃下催芽,其发芽时间集中在24～48h内.温水浸种有利于发芽,浸种时间以12～24h为宜.马齿苋种子存在3～4个月的生理休眠期,用清水浸种可打破休眠,野外播种马齿苋时覆盖塑料小拱棚可明显提高发芽率和出苗率.     

抗生素抗性基因在生活及工业混合废水处理系统中的分布和去除

抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)由于其广泛的传播与转移,成为日益严峻的环境问题。污水处理厂(WWTP)被公认为ARGs的主要来源之一。膜生物反应器(MBR)是一种新型污染物去除工艺。在一个具有传统生物处理和膜系统处理的城镇污水处理系统的进水中,检出17种ARGs,并首次检出甲氧苄啶类ARGs。进水中sulΙ基因的绝对丰度最高,随后依次是tet C、sulⅡ、tet W、dfr A1、flo R和dfr A13基因。不同的处理系统去除同一种ARGs效果各不相同,MBR对ARGs去除效果显著优于传统生物处理工艺,同一个处理系统处理不同类ARGs,四环素类ARGs被去除的效果显著优于其他ARGs被去除的效果,绝对丰度下降了3.8个数量级。ARGs没有真正意义上的去除,只是从水体转移到污泥中,污泥中的ARGs不断积累。     

国内地下式污水处理厂的设计要点

对目前国内在建和已建的地下式污水处理厂的设计要点进行了研究和总结。研究表明：地下式污水厂的工艺选择一般有MBBR和MBR工艺,结构形式主要为伸缩缝设计和无缝设计两种,建筑防火分区一般为2 000 m^2或以上;消防可以采用自动灭火系统和消火栓系统,局部变电站采用气体灭火系统。地下式污水处理厂投资较高,约为地上污水厂的两倍,但占地面积远远小于地上污水处理厂,可以节省大量的土地成本,同时地上绿化增加了城市的环境效益和社会效益。     

火山岩型膨润土原矿的脱色性能研究

考察了火山岩型膨润土原矿对亚甲基蓝溶液的脱色处理效果，发现12min后4种矿物的脱色率均达到了85％以上，其中信阳、黑山和凌源膨润土矿样脱色率高达98％以上。各膨润土矿地质背景差异导致矿样间物理化学性质的差异较大。讨论膨润土的物理化学性质和染料脱色效果，发现影响膨润土样品吸附的主要因素为膨润土d001值、CEC以及内表面积。     

电子废物现状评述与资源化初探

电子垃圾是目前增长速度最快的固体废物之一,对其不合理处置和利用已引起了日趋严峻的环境污染。文章从电子废物的危害及回收利用的角度,概述了当前国内外数量巨大的电子废物的污染现状及其回收利用处理技术,并结合国内实际,从电子废物的回收系统和资源化处理利用技术方面提出了具有可行性的建议和设想。     

城市污水处理设施的可持续运行研究

文章从处理装置运行的资金保障入手，运用外在性公共物品－水环境的价值估价方法，采用政府补贴与收益者共同负担的原则，将环境效益转化为装置运行的动力，使其可持续运行下去。     

Removal of Mercury from Polluted Waters by the Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

The uptake of mercury by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was studied in an outdoor experiment for 25 days at different metal concentrations. the removal of mercury from the water and uptake by plants was very effective during the first hours and decreased rapidly thereafter. the uptake of mercury was directly proportional to the initial concentration in the water. the highest concentrations were found in plant roots. According to the results, water hyacinth could be used for treatment of mercurial waste waters.     

我国城市污水处理的有效措施

我国水环境污染和水资源短缺，促进了污水处理厂的建设，而污水处理工艺在很大程度上决定了污水处理厂的投资、基建费用、用地和运行管理费用。文章介绍了我国有污水处理厂的工艺、投资和运行费用。结合我国的基本国情，提出了建立经济有效的处理工艺的措施。     

Impact of coal industries on the quality of Damodar river water

Increasing demand for water in domestic, agricultural, and industrial sectors necessitates exploitation of water either in the form of groundwater or from natural resources. To safeguard the long-term sustainability of water resources and their utilization, the quality of water has to be periodically monitored and determined for various characteristics, especially when the sources are polluted, such as Damodar river. Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (CIMFR), Dhanbad, is carrying out research work on coal and its utilization and associated environmental concerns. The blood stream of life for the whole Jharia Coalfield is none other than the river Damodar. CIMFR's campus also depends exclusively on river Damodar for meeting its demand of drinking water. This study is a general survey toward the characteristics of Damodar river water, with special emphasis on the pollutant parameters, and evaluation of the treatment process being carried out at the institute for potability. Damodar river water is indeed affected by the disposal of the wastes without any pre-treatment by different coal-based industries established in its basin. The quantity of dissolved and suspended solids, total hardness, chemical oxygen demand, and coliform bacterial count are higher in Damodar water due to the disposal of the waste/effluents from coal-washing plants, coke ovens, cement, and other industries, but well within the permissible limit which is probably attributable to the high-carrying capacity of the river. The river is still not that much affected as it is usually apprehended, and it can be well utilized for potable and domestic purposes after simple treatment.     

Removal of Mercury from Polluted Waters by the Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

The uptake of mercury by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was studied in an outdoor experiment for 25 days at different metal concentrations. the removal of mercury from the water and uptake by plants was very effective during the first hours and decreased rapidly thereafter. the uptake of mercury was directly proportional to the initial concentration in the water. the highest concentrations were found in plant roots. According to the results, water hyacinth could be used for treatment of mercurial waste waters.     

Photobiological production of hydrogen by the waste water treatment with anaerobic photosynthetic Purple bacteria

In this paper selected references about experience gained with photosynthetic bacteria in anaerobic process for either water treatment or hydrogen production are given. In particular experimental data about the hydrogen evolution rate, hydrogen yield and substrate efficiency in relationship to the nutrient conditions as well as about the behavior of some different species are presented. The limiting role of the nitrogen source is being discussed.     

废水中阴离子表面活性剂的最优化处理工艺

应用氧化絮凝复合床降解废水中的阴离子表面活性剂，系统地研究了各种主要的物理化学因素；催化剂种类、填料颗粒粒度、槽电压、电极间距离、压缩空气流量、试样的浓度、酸度、电导率和处理时间等对阴离子表面活性剂去除效果的影响，找到了相关的影响规律，确定了最佳的物理化学条件，实验结果表明，阴离子表面活性剂的去除率在95％以上，出水的水质可以达到国家的排放标准。     

生物膜法处理养殖废水的研究

室内模拟研究生物膜法处理养殖废水的效果及其影响因素。实验结果表明，连续曝气或者不曝气，生物膜法对养殖废水中的硝酸盐氮去除效果都很差。曝气条件下生物膜法对CODCrNH4^ -N、NO2^--N均有较好的净化效果，CODCrNH4^ -N、NO2^--N的去除率可分别达到79％、99％、99％；不曝气条件下生物膜法对CODCrH4^ -N、NO2^--N净化效果稍差，CODCrNH4^ -N、NO2^--N的去除率可分别达到78％、35％、76％。曝气会增加养殖废水中PO4^3 -P的质量浓度，增幅可达82％；不曝气时PO4^3 -P的去除率可达63％。投加复合菌株有利于生物膜的形成和处理效果的提高。     

Effects of metal pollution in the monosodium glutamate production effluent on full exploitation and biological treatment

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) effluent was sampled from three MSG mills and 21 metal elements were measured with a inductively coupled plasma (ICP) Spectrometer. The total metal concentration of each MSG wastewater sample was 19192, 3190 and 3161 mg/L respectively. Compared with the water quality standard issued by the Chinese Government and the World Health Organization (WHO), some values were found to exceed the standards. The 24hr‐LC₅₀, 48hr‐LC₅₀, 72hr‐LC₅₀ and 96hr‐LC₅₀ to the fish Ctenopharyngodon idellus were 6.9%, 3.2%, 2.5% and 1.4% MSG wastewater individually. The specific growth rate for photosynthetic bacteria (PSB) Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides was inhibited by the metals in MSG wastewater. Therefor the MSG wastewater should not be discharged into drinking, irrigation and fishery water systems, moreover it cannot be treated by general biological processes efficiently. How to develop an effective biotechnique for the utilization of organic pollutants in MSG effluent will also be discussed in this paper.     

污水处理构筑物结构方案优化与工程造价经济指标分析

污水处理构筑物如储液池结构设计比较复杂，造价较高，应对其结构型式进行多方案比较及优化，其优化的结果在工程造价方面应得到较好的经济指标。     

Recent advances in the electrochemical oxidation water treatment: Spotlight on byproduct control

• Byproduct formation mechanisms during electrochemical oxidation water treatment. • Control byproduct formation by quenchers. • Process optimization to suppress byproduct formation. Electrochemical oxidation (EO) is a promising technique for decentralized wastewater treatment, owing to its modular design, high efficiency, and ease of automation and transportation. The catalytic destruction of recalcitrant, non-biodegradable pollutants (per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), pharmaceuticals, and personal care products (PPCPs), pesticides, etc.) is an appropriate niche for EO. EO can be more effective than homogeneous advanced oxidation processes for the degradation of recalcitrant chemicals inert to radical-mediated oxidation, because the potential of the anode can be made much higher than that of hydroxyl radicals (E_OH = 2.7 V vs. NHE), forcing the direct transfer of electrons from pollutants to electrodes. Unfortunately, at such high anodic potential, chloride ions, which are ubiquitous in natural water systems, will be readily oxidized to chlorine and perchlorate. Perchlorate is a to-be-regulated byproduct, and chlorine can react with matrix organics to produce organic halogen compounds. In the past ten years, novel electrode materials and processes have been developed. However, spotlights were rarely focused on the control of byproduct formation during EO processes in a real-world context. When we use EO techniques to eliminate target contaminants with concentrations at μg/L-levels, byproducts at mg/L-levels might be produced. Is it a good trade-off? Is it possible to inhibit byproduct formation without compromising the performance of EO? In this mini-review, we will summarize the recent advances and provide perspectives to address the above questions.     

甲醇工业废水处理回用作循环冷却水研究

首次采用(A1/O1)/(A2/O2)厌氧水解酸化—膜微孔曝气生物接触氧化/缺氧生物接触氧化—膜微孔曝气生物接触氧化塔—混凝沉淀—活性炭过滤—二氧化氯消毒处理工艺集成系统处理含甲醇工业废水。在进水后先设厌氧水解调节池以大幅提高废水可生化性,再用膜微孔曝气生物接触氧化好氧处理去除废水中大部分COD。然后用兼氧细菌接种缺氧处理去除废水中部分COD,并提高废水的可生化性。再用好氧内循环曝气生物塔处理去除废水中剩余的COD。处理工艺系统以生物降解有机物为主,后设配套的活性炭深度处理工艺,以确保整个处理工艺出水满足要求。在原水水质为含甲醇0.03%～5%(质量分数,下同),pH6～10,SS为30～100mg·L-1,CODcr为200～500mg·L-1条件下,处理系统出水达到冷却塔循环用水标准和要求,满足工业循环冷却水的需要。