湿式氧化生物氧化两步法处理有机磷农药生产废水

本文报道了用湿式氧化结合生物氧化两步法,处理有机磷农药生产废水的研究结果.在较缓和条件下,湿式氧化一步可去除有机磷80—90％,有机硫90％,较大幅度降低了废水的COD值.湿式氧化使废水的BOD_5/COD比值从0.2左右上升到0.4—0.5,废水的可生化性显著提高.在遵循常规生化处理必须满足的条件下,湿式氧化处理后的废水进一步用活性污泥传统曝气法处理,COD可再下降90％以上,有机磷得到去除,出水达标.     

水解酸化与序列间歇式活性污泥法(SBR)结合工艺处理餐饮废水

分别研究了SBR法,水解酸化预处理及工艺组合对餐饮油脂废水的处理效果,确定了最佳处理工艺.同时,实验考察了曝气时间、污泥沉降比、溶解氧等因素与处理效果的关系,从而确定最佳的反应条件.结果表明,在曝气时间为2 h、SV为30%、DO为3 mg.L-1的条件下,SBR工艺处理餐饮油脂废水中COD、动植物油脂的平均去除率分别达到91.2%、82.5%;经水解酸化预处理,出水COD、动植物油脂平均浓度分别为1062.90 mg.L-1、50.66 mg.L-1,去除率均值分别为36.9%、83.5%;经水解酸化+SBR组合工艺处理后,废水出水COD平均浓度为93.66 mg.L-1,去除率高达94.8%,出水动植物油脂浓度为4.9 mg.L-1,去除率为98.25%.     

Ca(OH)_2絮凝沉淀-臭氧氧化垃圾渗滤液生化出水提高反渗透性能

为了提高生化出水的反渗透性能,本文提出采用Ca(OH)_2絮凝沉淀预处理生化出水,再经O_3氧化后,用于反渗透膜的深度处理工艺.研究表明,Ca(OH)_2絮凝沉淀可以有效地去除垃圾渗滤液生化出水中的大分子有机物及Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)离子.当废水絮凝沉淀出水的电导率最低时,废水中的Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)离子浓度降到最低,同时也去除了较大比例的COD.对电导率最低条件下的Ca(OH)_2絮凝沉淀出水再经O_3处理后,废水中的Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)离子浓度和COD进一步降低,其反渗透膜通量比MBR出水的通量增高25%—35%,膜污染明显减轻,可延长膜清洗周期.臭氧氧化Ca(OH)_2絮凝沉淀出水涉及到臭氧分子直接氧化和氢氧根催化臭氧氧化两种机理,但前者起主导作用.臭氧氧化处理进一步降低了废水中的COD和Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)离子浓度,是提高反渗透膜通量的主要原因.     

混凝气浮—生物接触氧化法处理机械加工业含乳化油废水

在混凝剂筛选、不同水质处理效果比较和生物处理实验的基础上,优化确定出混凝气浮—生物接触氧化组合处理工艺。工程实践证实:将含油乳化液与总排口水混合,混凝气浮的COD去除率可达52.4%;接触氧化的COD去除率为81%;处理出水达到国家排放标准一级指标要求。     

干扰素生产废水处理试验及生物相分析

采用水解酸化与生物接触氧化组合工艺对干扰素生产废水进行试验研究,并考察其处理效果,观察生物接触氧化工艺中生物相。结果表明：该组合工艺对出水COD的去除率大于90%,出水COD低于40 mg/L,且运行稳定后生物接触氧化槽中污泥浓度较低。对生物相的显微镜观察可知生物接触氧化槽中生物相种类以藻类为主。     

味精浓废水生物处理优化工艺

本文阐述两相厌氧消化法与缺氧—厌氧消化法处理味精浓废水的比较试验.进水为6×10~4mg/L～8×10~4mg/L时,两相厌氧消化法COD去除率为78%,产气率为0.15m~3/kgCOD,CH_4含量为50%.缺氧—厌氧消化法COD去除率为82.2%,产气率为0.23m~3/kgCOD,CH.含量达65%.两种方法均可使出水pH值由3.2上升至7.0以上.氯离子和氨氮的去除不明显.综合上述结果与运行管理的稳定程度均是缺氧——厌氧消化法优于两相厌氧消化法.     

光催化氧化（UV+TiO2）法处理印染废水生化出水及其各类有机物去除

采用UV+TiO2光催化氧化法处理印染废水生化出水,考察了反应时间、TiO2投加量以及初始pH对反应的影响,结果表明,TiO2投加量800 mg·L-1,反应时间8 h,反应pH为原水pH(6.5～8.0),在此操作条件下,ADMI7.6、DOC和COD的去除率分别为86%、20%及46%;选取两组反应条件,对其进出水采用XAD-8/XAD-4树脂联用技术,分析疏水酸、非酸疏水物质、弱疏水物质及亲水物质4类有机物的去除情况,结果表明,UV+TiO2光催化氧化处理工艺都能够长期有效去除印染废水生化出水中的弱疏水物质、疏水物质和非酸疏水物质引起的色度.     

光伏产业清洗剂废水低温生物处理

光伏产业清洗剂废水冬季生物处理难稳定达标.操作参数调控与工艺的优化组合对微生物活性的提高及清洗剂废水稳定达标处理的实现具有重要意义.本研究通过实验室摇瓶试验以COD(Chemical Oxygen Demand)去除率、COD去除速率等为表征指标探究不同温度以及低温下p H、C/N(COD/NH_4~+-N)及处理工艺等对该废水生物处理效果的影响.结果显示,10℃下清洗剂废水生物处理效果受到明显抑制,21.5 h时COD去除率仅为49.7%,较30℃下降31.0%;偏碱性条件更利于该废水的处理.p H 8条件下COD去除率较p H为5.5时提高57.2%;初始C/N在8:1到32:1之间更利于该废水的处理.清洗剂废水在生物处理后期均出现降解停滞现象.进一步比较不同工艺下清洗剂废水的低温(15℃)处理效果,在15℃、p H 7-8和C/N 16:1条件下,相比活性污泥法,接触氧化法可将COD去除率提高7.5%左右;而两段式接触氧化法可将第二段处理中的COD去除率提高16.6%左右,最终出水达到污水综合排放标准(GB 8978-1996)中的一级标准.本研究通过两段式接触氧化实现了清洗剂废水的有效处理,但是该废水的降解动力学及两段式接触氧化体系中的微生物低温降解机理还有待进一步的研究和验证.(图4表3参19)     

废水处理生物出水中COD构成的解析——以焦化废水为例

以焦化废水为例,采用连续过滤及化学分析的方法考察了悬浮组分、胶体组分及溶解组分对生物出水残余COD的贡献,并结合紫外-可见光谱和GC/MS图谱定性解析各形态组分的有机构成特征,构建了一种废水生物出水COD构成解析的评价方法.实验结果显示,焦化废水生物处理出水中悬浮态和胶体态组分对残余COD的贡献分别占COD总量的25.9%—46.3%和18.7%—44.4%,建议优先考虑采用混凝沉淀工艺去除约35.0%—45.0%的COD,使处理出水基本能够达标排放;溶解组分的COD占COD总量的24.6%—40.7%,其中4.3%—15.8%的COD由硫化物、硫氰化物等还原性物质贡献,其余部分主要由链状烃类、酯类及醇类等溶解有机组分贡献,建议采用氧化或吸附工艺进行处理,以满足更高的出水水质要求.     

活性炭吸附对印染废水生化出水中不同种类有机物的去除效果

染料废水是含有一定量有毒物质的有机废水,具有高COD和高色度.传统的生化方法能够去除纺织印染废水中的大部分有机物,然而出水仍有相当大的色度,因此后续处理是必要的.活性炭是使用最广泛和最有效的吸附剂,能很好地去除色度.本文以印染废水生化出水中的溶解性有机物为研究对象,     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques