Characterization of electrode fouling during electrochemical oxidation of phenolic pollutant

• Electrode fouling is characterized by non-destructive characterization. • Electrode fouling is highly dependent on electrochemical process. • Active chlorine can prevent the formation of polymeric fouling film. Electrode fouling is a problem that commonly occurs during electro-oxidation water purification. This study focused on identifying the fouling behavior of Pt electrode associated with the formation of polymeric layer during electro-oxidation of phenol. The in situ electrochemical measurements and non-destructive observation of the electrode morphology were reported. The results demonstrated that the electrode fouling was highly dependent on thermodynamic process of electrode that was controlled by anode potential. At anode potential lower than 1.0 V vs SHE, the direct electro-oxidation caused the electrode fouling by the formation of polymeric film. The fouling layer decreased the electrochemically active surface area from 8.38 cm² to 1.57 cm², indicated by the formation of polymeric film with thickness of 2.3 mm, increase in mass growing at a rate of 3.26 μg/cm²/min. The degree to which the anode was fouled was independent of anion in the electrolyte. In comparison, at anode potential higher than 2.7 V vs SHE, the anions (e.g., chloride) could exert a major influence to the behavior of electrode fouling. The presence of chloride was shown to mitigate the fouling of electrode significantly through preventing the formation of polymeric film by active chlorine (e.g., Cl• and Cl₂) produced from anodic oxidation of chloride. Since chloride is the most abundant anionic species existing in both natural and engineered water system, this study not only offers a deep insight into the mechanism of electrode fouling, but also suggests strategies for anti-fouling in the presence of chloride in electro-oxidation process.     

附着态TiO2光催化降解壬基酚的研究

采用sol-gel法制备TiO2薄膜,以该薄膜为催化剂,研究了在H2O2存在的条件下,对内分泌干扰物质壬基酚的光催化降解反应。分别研究了pH值、H2O2的加入量,壬基酚的初始浓度以及光照时间对降解反应的影响。结果表明：在pH=5,30mg／L的H2O2中对初始质量浓度为20mg／L壬基酚的溶液光照180min有较好的降解效果。     

粤北亚热带山地森林土壤有机碳沿海拔梯度的变化

选择位于南岭国家级自然保护区的广东第一峰——石坑崆,从海拔300 m起到山顶部1 900 m范围,每隔100 m高程设置1条10 m×120 m的样带,共17条样带,研究土壤有机碳含量沿海拔梯度的变化规律及其与植被类型和凋落物层厚度的关系。结果表明,0～20 cm和>20～40 cm土层有机碳含量均随海拔梯度变化呈极显著差异(P<0.001),并随林分类型不同而呈高度显著差异(P<0.01),土壤有机碳含量总体上呈随海拔上升而升高的变化趋势。凋落物层厚度仅对0～20 cm土层有机碳含量有显著影响(P<0.05)。可见,海拔梯度变化是影响土壤有机碳含量的综合和主导因素,而最表层土壤有机碳含量还易受林分因子的影响,这些因子反映了土地利用变化及自然保护历史。该研究结果提示,减少人类活动的干扰和保持林地适合的凋落物层厚度有助于增加森林生态系统的碳储量。     

吸附过程中流场分布对液膜扩散传质影响模型的研究

在总结流场条件影响吸附传质过程的同时,提出了流场分布影响液膜扩散传质的物理模型,指出不同的流场分布,液膜厚度变化不同,传质阻力也就不同,从而导致传质效果的不同. 通过对传质方程中流速的物理意义进行重新定义,同时引入流场效应系数(Z),对传统的液膜扩散控制传质模型进行了修正,使模型中参数的物理意义更明确,并用13X沸石对Ca2＋的吸附实验验证了该模型的合理性. 结果表明,13X沸石对Ca2＋的吸附传质效率与搅拌转速和叶片大小成正比,即与流场分布密切相关,其中流场分布比较规则的二次流场吸附传质效率最高;此外初始ρ(Ca2＋)越高,传质越快,吸附效果越好,但流场分布影响越小,归结原因是此时传质动力的影响占据主导作用,超过了液膜阻力的影响,进而掩盖了流场分布对传质的影响.      

Properties of Starch/PVA Blend Films Containing Citric Acid as Additive

Starch/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blend films were prepared successfully by using starch, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), glycerol (GL) sorbitol (SO) and citric acid (CA) for the mixing process. The influence of mixing time, additional materials and drying temperature of films on the properties of the films was investigated. With increase in mixing time, the tensile strength (TS), elongation (%E), degree of swelling (DS) and solubility (S) of the film were equilibrated. The equilibrium for TS, %E, DS and S value was 20.12 MPa, 36.98%, 2.4 and 0.19, respectively. The mixing time of equilibrium was 50 min. TS, %E, DS and S of starch/PVA blend film were examined adding glycerol (GL), sorbitol (SO) and citric acid (CA) as additives. At all measurement results, except for DS, the film adding CA was better than GL or SO because hydrogen bonding at the presence of CA with hydroxyl group and carboxyl group increased the inter/intramolecular interaction between starch, PVA and additives. Citric acid improves the properties of starch/PVA blend film compared to glycerol and sobitol. When the film was dried at low temperature, the properties of the films were clearly improved because the hydrogen bonding was activated at low temperature.     

中小型燃煤锅炉水膜除尘废水回用技术的试验研究

根据现有中小型燃煤锅炉水膜除水废水回用处理过程中存在的问题，经过试验，选择最佳药剂，给出混凝条件，并推荐处理工艺。使用该工艺可节约水资源，减少环境污染，具有较好的经济效益和推广价值。     

旋转窑焊接筒体的失效分析与预防

从卧式旋转窑焊接筒体工作状态中的主要技术参数，分析和判断该系统内环缝接头产生疲劳失效的原因和部位。通过分析、计算、校核和建造失效树等方法，求出焊接筒体的失效模式，包括最小割集、失效概率和结构重要度等，从而提出预防失效的主要途径，为变厚度焊接筒体的设计为造、使用和维修提供了可借鉴的依据。     

不同覆土厚度的煤矸石充填复垦区土壤生产力评价

以淮南矿区新庄孜煤矿采煤塌陷区土地复垦区为研究对象,调查了不同覆土厚度的煤矸石充填复垦区土壤生产力状况,发现在以煤矸石充填为基底,上覆不同表土厚度的区域土壤生产能力差异较大,其中覆土较厚的地块小麦产量达到5 770 kg/hm2,覆土较薄的地块只有4 736 kg/hm2。运用了复垦土壤生产力指数的修正模型（MPI）对不同覆土厚度的复垦地块生产力进行评价。结果表明,覆土75 cm和90 cm的地块的水解性氮和速效钾的适应性接近于对照地块,速效磷和有机质的适应性稍微偏低,生产力水平接近于对照地块;覆土40 cm和60 cm的地块土壤的养分普遍偏低,限制了农作物的生长;通过对评价结果的误差分析显示,本次评价的最小误差为1.65%,最大误差为4.33%,运用MPI模型对煤矸石复垦土壤生产力的评价具有较高的精确度。     

二氧化钛膜光催化降解水中壬基酚的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法于500℃制备了不同层数的锐钛矿纳米二氧化钛（TiO2）薄膜。利用TiO2薄膜作催化剂,研究了水中壬基酚（NP）的紫外光降解特性。考察了镀膜层数、pH值、初始浓度、光照距离和光照时间与降解率的关系。结果表明,镀3层膜,pH值为5．0～6．0,光照距离为9cm,光照时间为60min的条件下,ρ（NP）初始为100μg/L时降解率可达80％以上。     

纳米二氧化钛/针铁矿的制备及其光催化性能的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法,以钛酸丁酯为原料制备纳米级二氧化钛,将其负栽于采用化学沉淀法以九水硝酸铁为原料制备的针铁矿上,对复合材料进行透射电镜分析,确定了制备的最佳影响因素,将2种溶胶进行复合提膜,研究其光催化效率.