低氧条件下好氧型微生物降解煤吸附甲烷实验

为了研究好氧型微生物对低氧气浓度环境条件下煤吸附甲烷的降解效能,培养、分离、初步鉴定了高效降解甲烷的好氧型甲烷氧化菌。并在高压容量法瓦斯吸附-解吸装置的基础上,自主开发了低氧环境下甲烷降解实验分析系统,研究了氧气浓度为0%、5%和15%三种条件下甲烷氧化菌的降解效能,通过对实验前后甲烷减少量,二氧化碳增加量,氧气减少量进行分析。结果表明:在氧气浓度（0%~15%）范围内,随着氧气浓度升高及降解时间的持续,甲烷的减少量可达130.5 cm3,二氧化碳的增加量最高可达25.7 cm3,同时最多消耗69.0 cm3氧气;在无氧条件下,好氧型甲烷氧化菌的生理活性受到了一定的限制,但最高仍然可以降解11.9 cm3的甲烷,生成二氧化碳3.5 cm3。     

湿地植被叶面积指数对光化学指数和光能利用率关系的影响————基于实测数据和PROSPECT-SAIL模型

光化学指数PRI(Photochemical Reflectance Index)是估算光能利用率LUE(Light Use Efficiency)的一种快速监测的有效指标,分析各种因素对二者的影响是提高估算精度的前提.论文针对三种杭州湾典型湿地植物 [旱柳(Salix matsudana),柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)和芦苇(Phragm itescommunis)],实地观测了其光合作用及日变化,叶面积指数以及同步植被光谱.同时采用PROSPECT-SAIL模型模拟叶面积指数LAI(Leaf Area Index)从小到大变化时植被冠层反射率,分析LAI的变化对冠层PRI的影响.结果表明:1)三种植被在日变化上,芦苇,旱柳和柽柳的PRI和LUE的相关性较好,R²分别为0.581 6,0.524 6和0.514 6;而对同一种植被在不考虑时间变化的条件下,PRI和LUE的相关性会有所减弱,对于LAI较小的冠层,PRI不能精确反映LUE;2)当LAI < 5时,冠层下土壤背景对冠层PRI影响较大,在不同土壤背景下,土壤亮度低的对冠层PRI影响较小;3)当LAI > 5时,土壤背景对冠层PRI影响较小,冠层自身的LAI才是影响PRI和LUE相关性的决定因素.因此,PRI和LUE关系模型还需要进一步探索和完善,引入更精确的模型和参数,不断提高LUE估算的准确度.     

Using crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol polymer membrane as a separator in the microbial fuel cell

Separator between anode and cathode is an essential part of the microbial fuel cell （MFC） and its property could significantly influence the system perfor- mance. In this study we used polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） polymer membrane crosslinked with sulfosuccinic acid （SSA） as a new separator for the MFC. The highest power density of 7594-4 mW-m-2 was obtained when MFC using the PVA membrane crosslinked with 15% of SSA due to its desirable proton conductivity （5.16 x 10-2 S.cml）. The power density significantly increased to 11064- 30 mW.m-2 with a separator-electrode-assembly config- uration, which was comparable with glass fiber （11704- 46 mW.m-2）. The coulombic efficiencies of the MFCs with crosslinked PVA membranes ranged from 36.3% to 45.7% at a fix external resistance of lO00f2. The crosslinked PVA membrane could be a promising alter- native to separator materials for constructing practical MFC system.     

脉冲调制介质阻挡放电和催化联用技术降解甲苯

利用低温等离子体处理挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)废气是目前国内外研究的热点。研究利用脉冲调制介质阻挡放电和催化联用技术降解甲苯,对比分析了连续放电和脉冲调制对去除甲苯的影响;研究了脉冲调制后在有无催化剂的情况下的能量效率,比较了两种情况下的臭氧浓度以及中间产物的不同。结果表明:脉冲调制有效提高了甲苯的降解能效,其能量效率几乎是连续放电时的2倍～3倍;在有催化剂的情况下,能量效率是没催化剂的1.5倍～2倍,臭氧浓度明显降低,结焦产物中含苯环的衍生物的量少于无催化的结焦产物。     

臭氧接触池臭氧投加方式的优化

臭氧接触池内臭氧(O₃)投加方式是影响臭氧接触池反应效率的关键因素. 以密云水库水为处理对象,对臭氧接触池内臭氧投加方式进行优化,通过考察气液接触方式和投加点个数对ρ(O₃)、传质效率及有机物去除率的影响,确定最优臭氧投加方式. 结果表明,适当增加布气点个数可有效增强气液传质,提高有机物去除率,但当布气点个数高于3个时,臭氧传质效率无明显提升,而且造成出水ρ(O₃)过高,不利于后续工艺的进行. 采用三段式臭氧投加方式,臭氧投加比为3∶3∶1时,密云水库水中臭氧传质效率达78.1%,有机物去除率为47.5%; 向密云水库水中添加3mg/L腐殖酸后,该投加比下臭氧传质效率为76.8%,有机物去除率为40.3%,出水ρ(O₃)为0.26mg/L,不会对后续工艺产生影响;并且该条件下臭氧利用率最高,BrO₃-生成量最低,为最佳臭氧投加比.      

基于氢氧稳定同位素的华北农田夏玉米耗水规律研究

农作物耗水规律的研究对提高农业用水效率,缓解我国华北地区的水资源短缺现状具有重要意义。论文基于水文监测与氢氧稳定同位素方法,以山西省运城市董村农场为例,研究了夏玉米在不同生长期的根系吸水深度变化,以及农田灌溉条件下SPAC系统的水分通量。研究结果表明,夏玉米拔节期、开花期和成熟期的主要根系吸水深度分别为0~20 cm(96%~99%)、20~50 cm(58%~85%)、0~20 cm(69%~76%),在整个生长期内存在着先由浅变深,后由深变浅的规律;夏玉米漫灌后,蒸腾量占蒸散发量的71.3%,深层入渗损失量占到灌溉水量的43.3%,灌溉水的利用率仅为40.4%,应采取措施减小深层入渗量以提高灌溉水利用率。     

旋流气浮工艺接触区气泡-颗粒碰撞理论研究

为了对旋流气浮过程中的动力学行为和气浮分离效率进行准确预测,在借鉴重力场下气泡-颗粒碰撞模型建立方法的基础上,考虑旋流气浮的特点,首次将表征流态的雷诺数引入到各种碰撞过程中,推导建立了旋流气浮接触区的气泡-颗粒碰撞效率模型.理论模型显示:低强度旋流气浮工艺中气泡-颗粒的各种碰撞效应主要与雷诺数、气泡和颗粒直径有关.当颗粒直径接近于分子直径时,即直径为1nm时,碰撞主要受扩散碰撞所控制;当颗粒在1~10nm之间时,碰撞主要受扩散碰撞和离心沉降效应的共同作用所控制;当颗粒在10nm~1μm时,碰撞主要受离心沉降效应所控制;当颗粒大于1μm时,碰撞将受截留效应、离心沉降效应和惯性效应联合作用.该模型能够准确预测旋流气浮过程中的动力学行为和分离效率,为旋流气浮工艺的实际应用提供一定的理论依据.     

Perceptions of the local community on the outcome of community fishery management in Krala Peah village,Cambodia

Since fishery resources are regarded as an important source of income and food security, these resources need to be protected and conserved for sustainable use. To do this, the government of Cambodia has revised its policies, shifting management and responsibility to the local level. In response to government policy, Krala Peah village community fishery was established to manage resources within the area. The purpose of this study was to assess the outcome of community fishery management. Moreover, community fishery management was assessed through face-to-face interview and a participatory approach. The major findings of this study indicate that community fishery has led to a more equitable and efficient fishery within Krala Peah village. Although it has not led to improvements in fishing habitats and fish catch, it has reduced some factors that adversely affected sustainability. Furthermore, it has caused a reduction in illegal fishing, which was the main objective of the fishers.     

Incorporating greenhouse gas effects to evaluate energy efficiency in China

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions without hampering economic growth is a significant issue for China. Taking into account environmental sustainability principles, this study analysed the energy efficiency of 30 regions of China for the period 2002–2007. By employing a data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach, this study included undesirable CO₂ and SO₂ outputs and the desirable GDP output in the model. Empirical outcomes demonstrated that the overall average technical efficiency (TE) of China is 0.843, indicating a 15.70% input inefficiency. Among three geographic areas, the east has the highest technical efficiency, with the highest ability to set up clean-burning power plants based on best technology available. Performance in the west is less good because of much inefficient technology. Finally, the study demonstrates detailed management implications of the BCG matrix. The most important contribution of this paper is a detailed demonstration of an energy performance evaluation mechanism for China. The valuable results and insights gained can be equally effectively applied to studies in other developing countries facing the same gaseous emissions.     

三种纳米金颗粒对聚合酶链式反应扩增效率和特异性的影响

比较了采用柠檬酸三钠(Trisodium citrate,Na3Ct)还原法、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(Polyvinylpyrrolidone,PVP)包裹法和巯基丙酸-同型半胱氨酸(Mercaptopropionic Acid-Homocystine,MPA-HCys)包裹法制备的3种纳米金颗粒(Gold nanoparticles,AuNPs)对聚合酶链式反应(Polymerase Chain Reaction,PCR)扩增效率及特异性的影响,以评估金纳米材料表面性质与DNA生物大分子之间的相互作用.实验结果显示,3种AuNPs均能显著提高PCR效率,它们提高PCR效率的能力依次为:Na3 Ct-AuNPs(12 nm)MPA-HCys-AuNPs(12 nm)PVP-AuNPs(4 nm),而且这种增强效应与其浓度和尺寸相关.相同实验条件下,具有相似尺寸大小的Na3Ct-AuNPs比MPA-HCys-AuNPs更能有效提高PCR效率,这说明AuNPs的表面性质也是影响PCR效率的重要因素之一.另外,3种AuNPs均能有效消除竞争性引物对PCR的抑制作用,并且这种作用与其浓度密切相关.上述研究结果表明,具有不同表面性质的3种AuNPs均能有效提高PCR效率和特异性,并且这种作用与其浓度、尺寸和表面性质密切相关.