全文获取类型
收费全文 | 10617篇 |
免费 | 1369篇 |
国内免费 | 5656篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 1848篇 |
废物处理 | 307篇 |
环保管理 | 1168篇 |
综合类 | 9426篇 |
基础理论 | 2019篇 |
环境理论 | 6篇 |
污染及防治 | 1409篇 |
评价与监测 | 544篇 |
社会与环境 | 633篇 |
灾害及防治 | 282篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 52篇 |
2023年 | 411篇 |
2022年 | 624篇 |
2021年 | 693篇 |
2020年 | 673篇 |
2019年 | 685篇 |
2018年 | 574篇 |
2017年 | 552篇 |
2016年 | 624篇 |
2015年 | 717篇 |
2014年 | 606篇 |
2013年 | 1109篇 |
2012年 | 1116篇 |
2011年 | 1200篇 |
2010年 | 789篇 |
2009年 | 926篇 |
2008年 | 767篇 |
2007年 | 899篇 |
2006年 | 869篇 |
2005年 | 626篇 |
2004年 | 543篇 |
2003年 | 446篇 |
2002年 | 337篇 |
2001年 | 283篇 |
2000年 | 274篇 |
1999年 | 216篇 |
1998年 | 142篇 |
1997年 | 155篇 |
1996年 | 122篇 |
1995年 | 121篇 |
1994年 | 95篇 |
1993年 | 81篇 |
1992年 | 54篇 |
1991年 | 26篇 |
1990年 | 30篇 |
1989年 | 26篇 |
1988年 | 20篇 |
1987年 | 10篇 |
1986年 | 13篇 |
1985年 | 6篇 |
1984年 | 9篇 |
1983年 | 13篇 |
1982年 | 15篇 |
1981年 | 10篇 |
1980年 | 10篇 |
1979年 | 8篇 |
1978年 | 7篇 |
1973年 | 6篇 |
1972年 | 9篇 |
1971年 | 34篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 269 毫秒
991.
基于人工神经网络理论的建筑物火灾安全评价研究 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
依据建筑物火灾危险性的影响因素,应用人工神经网络理论及系统安全方法,建立了建筑物火灾危险性的评价指标体系,该方法摆脱了评价过程中的随机性和参评人员主观上的不确定性及其认识上的模糊性等缺点,大大提高了准确性。为了验证评价模型的准确性,将该理论应用到某高校图书馆火灾危险性评价中,快速、准确地得到了安全评价结果,取得了满意效果,为建筑物防火设计以及安全管理提供了可行的依据。 相似文献
992.
为提高煤矿井下人员身份识别率,在局部保持投影(LPP)算法的基础上,提出监督局部映射(SLP)算法。该方法充分利用数据的局部和非局部信息及类别信息,对数据进行维数约简,使特征空间同类数据间的距离更小,不同类数据间的距离更大。该方法能够克服煤矿井下艰苦、空间受限环境中人脸、虹膜和指纹识别率不高的问题。在真实步态数据库上的实验结果表明,基于步态的煤矿井下人员身份鉴别是可行的。 相似文献
993.
994.
995.
Küster A Pohl K Altenburger R 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(6):377-383
Background, Goals and Scope During the last years the miniaturization of toxicity test systems for rapid and parallel measurements of large quantities
of samples has often been discussed. For unicellular algae as well as for aquatic macrophytes, fluorescence-based miniaturized
test systems have been introduced to analyze photosystem II (PSII) inhibitors. Nevertheless, high-throughput screening should
also guarantee the effect detection of a broad range of toxicants in order to ensure routinely applicable, high-throughput
measuring device experiments which can cover a broad range of toxicants and modes of action others than PSII inhibition. Thus,
the aim of this study was to establish a fast and reproducible measuring system for non-PSII inhibitors for aquatic macrophyte
species to overcome major limitations for use.
Methods A newly developed imaging pulse-amplitude-modulated chlorophyll fluorometer (I-PAM) was applied as an effect detector in short-term
bioassays with the aquatic macrophyte species Lemna minor. This multiwell-plate based measuring device enabled the incubation and measurement of up to 24 samples in parallel. The
chemicals paraquat-dichloride, alizarine and triclosan were chosen as representatives for the toxicant groups of non-PSII
herbicides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), which are often
detected in the aquatic environment. The I-PAM was used (i) to establish and validate the sensitivity of the test system to
the three non-PSII inhibitors, (ii) to compare the test systems with standardized and established biotests for aquatic macrophytes,
and (iii) to define necessary time scales in aquatic macrophyte testing. For validation of the fluorescence-based assay, the
standard growth test with L. minor (ISO/DIS 20079) was performed in parallel for each chemical.
Results The results revealed that fluorescence-based measurements with the I-PAM allow rapid and parallel analysis of large amounts
of aquatic macrophyte samples. The I-PAM enabled the recording of concentration-effect-curves with L. minor samples on a 24-well plate with single measurements. Fluorescence-based concentration-effect-curves could be detected for
all three chemicals after only 1 h of incubation. After 4–5 h incubation time, the maximum inhibition of fluorescence showed
an 80–100% effect for the chemicals tested. The EC50 after 24 h incubation were estimated to be 0.06 mg/L, 0.84 mg/L and 1.69
mg/L for paraquatdichloride, alizarine and triclosan, respectively.
Discussion The results obtained with the I-PAM after 24 h for the herbicide paraquat-dichloride and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
alizarine were in good accordance with median effective concentrations (EC50s) obtained by the standardized growth test for
L. minor after 7 d incubation (0.09 mg/L and 0.79 mg/L for paraquat-dichloride and alizarine, respectively). Those results were in
accordance with literature findings for the two chemicals. In contrast, fluorescence-based EC50 of the antimicrobial agent
triclosan proved to be two orders of magnitude greater when compared to the standard growth test with 7 d incubation time
(0.026 mg/L) as well as with literature findings.
Conclusion Typically, aquatic macrophyte testing is very time consuming and relies on laborious experimental set-ups. The I-PAM measuring
device enabled fast effect screening for the three chemicals tested. While established test systems for aquatic macrophytes
need incubation times of ≥ 7 d, the I-PAM can detect inhibitory effects much earlier (24 h), even if inhibition of chemicals
is not specifically associated with PSII. Thus, the fluorescence-based bioassay with the I-PAM offers a promising approach
for the miniaturization and high-throughput testing of chemicals with aquatic macrophytes. For the chemical triclosan, however,
the short-term effect prediction with the I-PAM has been shown to be less sensitive than with long-term bioassays, which might
be due to physicochemical substance properties such as lipophilicity.
Recommendations and Perspectives The results of this study show that the I-PAM represents a promising tool for decreasing the incubation times of aquatic macrophyte
toxicity testing to about 24 h as a supplement to existing test batteries. The applicability of this I-PAM bioassay on emergent
and submerged aquatic macrophyte species should be investigated in further studies. Regarding considerations that physicochemical
properties of the tested substances might play an important role in microplate bioassays, the I-PAM bioassay should either
be accompanied by evaluating physicochemical properties modeled from structural information prior to an experimental investigation,
or by intensified chemical analyses to identify and determine nominal concentrations of the toxicants tested. The chemicals
paraquat-dichloride, alizarine and triclosan were chosen as representatives for the toxicant groups of non-PSII herbicides,
PAHs and PPCPs which are often detected in the aquatic environment. Nevertheless, in order to ensure a routinely applicable
measuring device, experiments with a broader range of toxicants and samples of surface and/or waste waters are necessary.
ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Markus Hecker (MHecker@Entrix.com) 相似文献
996.
民用压缩气体和液化气体一旦发生爆炸,会造成很大的破坏力。根据压缩气体和液化气体的特性,通过计算,由爆炸中心到能保证人身安全和建筑(构筑)物和设备免遭破坏的最小距离。 相似文献
997.
Early research showed that citizens’ environmental concern in the United States was linked to three individual-level factors: socio-demographic variables, political orientations, and personal beliefs or worldviews about human-nature relations. Given many changes in the American society over the last several decades, one important, yet unanswered question is whether these factors still drive public environmental concern in the United States today, and if so, to what extent. This study, drawing from extant theoretical and empirical studies, aims to reinvestigate the determinants of citizens’ environmental concern by employing three national public surveys conducted in 2004, 2007, and 2013. Our data analyses confirm and expand the findings of previous research on the significance and importance of political ideology, fundamental beliefs about human-nature relations, and certain socioeconomic factors such as gender and race in explaining citizens’ environmental concern. More specifically, political liberals, people with higher New Ecological Paradigm values, females, and Non-Whites tend to be more concerned about environmental problems than their counterparts are. Our data analyses also reveal some interesting findings when compared to many previous studies: first, our data indicate a positive relationship between age and environmental concern, suggesting that older people in the United States are more concerned about the environment than younger adults; second, unlike most past research showing a positive Education-Environmental Concern relationship, our study suggests that education level seems to have little effect in explaining citizens’ environmental concern measured in this study. Key implications for environmental policymaking and recommendations for future research are discussed in the conclusion. 相似文献
998.
Voluntary markets transacted over $66 million USD of forest carbon offsets in 2016, according to Forest Trends, and over 99% of those offset projects were audited to a standard, primarily the Verified Carbon Standard (VCS). We provide a table characterizing all 70 validated and verified forest carbon projects employing the VCS version 3.0 currently-in-use (December 2011–July 2017). We also examine two separate aspects of the audit process––impact and thoroughness––to assess the effectiveness of the costly audit process, which can consume up to one-third of offset revenue. Audit impact we measure in terms of reduction in the number of offsets from ex ante estimated to ex post approved. Audit thoroughness we measure both directly in terms of the number of auditor hours worked per project and also indirectly in terms of the total number of Corrective Action Requests (CARs)/Non-Conformity Reports (NCRs) auditors prescribe. In terms of impact, we find that Afforestation/Reforestation/Restoration (A/R/R) and Improved Forest Management (IFM) projects, though only constituting 5% of total verified offsets, demonstrate significant (p < = 0.05) reductions from ex ante estimated to ex post approved offsets, likely because auditors can easily scrutinize carbon stocks/emission factors for the commercial tree species involved in these project types. In terms of thoroughness, we find that higher ex ante estimates correlate with more total auditor hours worked and total CARs/NCRs prescribed for three of four project activity types, likely because auditors perceive larger ex ante projects as higher risk. We conclude with recommendations for the VCS to empower auditors to scrutinize carbon stocks/emissions factors from avoided deforestation projects, and also to continue to flag high ex ante projects as higher risk. 相似文献
999.
1000.
Incorporating Geological Effects in Modeling of Revegetation Strategies for Salt-Affected Landscapes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Christopher J. Clarke Richard W. Bell Richard J. Hobbs Richard J. George 《Environmental management》1999,24(1):99-109
The work highlights the difficulties of using standard sampling and statistical techniques to investigate regional phenomena
and presents an integrated approach combining small-scale sampling with broad-scale observations to provide input into a modeling
exercise. It is suggested that such approaches are vital if landscape- and regional-scale processes are to be understood and
managed. The way in which the problem is perceived (holistically or piecemeal) affects the way treatments are designed and
their effectiveness: past approaches have failed to integrate the various scales and processes involved. Effective solutions
require an integrated holistic response. 相似文献