利用多信息源提高半干旱地区TM影像的森林类型制图精度:以北京西部山区为例

以地处半干旱地区的北京西部山区为例,利用研究区森林类型的季相特征、已有的少部分林相图、Google Earth免费影像数据等信息选择不同坡向的相同森林类型做训练样本,通过加入其他辅助数据(海拔和坡向数据),来提高Landsat TM影像的森林类型分类精度,同时对比了基于像元和面向对象方法提取森林类型的效果。结果表明:1)就半干旱山区的森林类型划分来说,TM影像的TM4、TM5、TM4-TM2及辅助数据DEM和坡向可作为TM影像森林类型划分的最佳数据源。2)单独加入海拔信息,阔叶林的提取精度提高23%,针叶林和混交林的分类精度只提高了4%~5%;单独加入坡向信息,阔叶林的提取精度只提高21%,但是针叶林和混交林的分类精度则分别提高了13%、18%,显著优于单独加入海拔信息的效果。同时加入海拔信息和坡向信息,至少可以准确区分出约70%以上的针叶林、阔叶林和混交林。3)就本研究区而言,坡向比海拔更有效地辅助提高森林分类精度。4)就混淆矩阵数据而言,面向对象的分类方法比基于像元分类结果总体精度低3%,Kappa系数低4%,但面向对象的分类结果更加符合研究区实际情况。该研究对中分辨率影像应用于半干旱山区森林类型划分具有一定的借鉴意义。     

缙云山柑橘林土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)及酶活性的季节变化特征

土壤微生物和土壤酶作为土壤生态环境最重要的组成成分,对环境变化敏感.本文以缙云山柑橘林为研究对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸法并结合主成分分析方法,分析季节更替对柑橘林土壤表层(0~20 cm)的土壤微生物数量、群落结构特征及酶活性等的影响.结果表明:1季节更替对土壤微生物有显著影响(P0.05),16:0、i17:0、16:1 2OH、18:0、cy19:0ω8c、i17:1ω9c或16:0 10-methyl为4个季节共有PLFAs,含量之和分别占PLFAs的49.57%、41.63%、35.41%和38.05%.各微生物种类中,细菌PLFA比例最高,其次为真菌PLFA,放线菌PLFA比例最低,且均具有显著的季节变化特征,柑橘林土壤PLFAs总量变幅为6.868~24.085 nmol·g-1,大小顺序为春季秋季冬季夏季,细菌PLFAs、G-、G+及放线菌PLFAs也呈现一致的变化规律,但真菌PLFAs则表现为秋季最高,其次是冬季和夏季,春季最低.季节更替对微生物群落多样性指数亦产生显著影响,丰富度指数(R)随季节变化依次为春冬秋夏,多样性指数(H')随季节变化表现出冬秋春夏,均匀度指数(J)表现为夏秋冬春,优势度指数(D)则随季节表现为直线升高的变化趋势.2土壤脲酶随季节变化表现为夏季春季秋季冬季;土壤蔗糖酶、土壤过氧化氢酶和酸性磷酸酶活性随季节变化均表现为秋季最高,其次是春季、夏季,冬季最低.3主成分分析结果表明细菌PLFAs、G+、G-、放线菌PLFAs和总PLFAs对土壤肥力贡献最大,其次是蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶和真菌PLFAs,贡献最小为脲酶.     

缙云山常绿阔叶林湿沉降过程中不同空间层次水质变化特征

为全面调查森林生态系统各层次降水水质状况以及对降水中各离子的截留特征,于2013年9月至2014年8月对重庆市缙云山常绿阔叶林大气降雨、林内降雨、地表枯透水、土壤渗滤液进行了持续1a的水质效应研究.结果表明,缙云山大气降雨偏酸性(pH=4.75);土壤层和林冠层均能调升降雨的pH值,其中土壤层对pH值的调升幅度最大,其次为森林林冠层.森林林冠层对NO_3~-、Na~+有一定的吸附净化作用,降雨能够淋溶森林林冠层的NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)、PO_4~(3-)、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)和K~+.另外,枯枝落叶的降解导致构成植物组织的有机物降解为无机物,进而促使各离子质量浓度在地表枯透水中增加.森林土壤中的官能团以及胶体能够吸附并中和渗滤液中的NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+、PO_4~(3-)、K~+和Mg~(2+),同时长期处于酸性条件下的土壤层也释放出部分Na~+、PO_4~(3-)和Ca~(2+).该森林生态系统对大气降水中各离子具有较强的截留作用,但各层次对降水中的各离子表现出的截留特征不尽相同,其中以林冠层的截留作用最强.     

Framing community forestry challenges with a broader lens: case studies from the Brazilian Amazon

Community forestry initiatives have been shown to reduce rural poverty while promoting the conservation and sustainable use of forests. However, a number of challenges face communities wanting to initiate or maintain formal, community-based forest management. Through a grounded theory approach, this paper uses three case studies of community forest management models in the eastern Amazon to create a framework showing challenges faced by communities at different phases of formal management. The framework shows that, in the development phase, four root problems (land ownership, knowledge acquisition, community organization, and adequate capital) need to be addressed to obtain legal management permission. With this permission in hand, further challenges to operationalization are presented (deterring illegal loggers, maintaining infrastructure, obtaining necessary managerial skills and accessing markets). The interrelatedness of these challenges emphasizes that all challenges need to be addressed in a holistic manner for communities to maintain a profitable and self-sufficient operation. This contradicts current development approaches that only address part of this framework. The framework proposed here can be used as a starting point for community forestry initiatives in other regions.     

Tropical montane cloud forests: current threats and opportunities for their conservation and sustainable management in Mexico

Tropical montane cloud forests (TMCF) are among the most threatened ecosystems globally in spite of their high strategic value for sustainable development due to the key role played by these forests in hydrological cycle maintenance and as reservoirs of endemic biodiversity. Resources for effective conservation and management programs are rarely sufficient, and criteria must be applied to prioritize TMCF for conservation action. This paper reports a priority analysis of the 13 main regions of TMCF distribution in Mexico, based on four criteria: (1) forest quality, (2) threats to forest permanence, (3) threats to forest integrity, and (4) opportunities for conservation. Due to the diverse socio-environmental conditions of the local communities living in Mexican TMCF regions, their associated social characteristics were also evaluated to provide a background for the planning of conservation actions. A set of indicators was defined for the measurement of each criterion. To assign priority values for subregions within each main region, an international team of 40 participants evaluated all the indicators using multicriteria decision-making analysis. This procedure enabled the identification of 15 subregions of critical priority, 17 of high priority, and 10 of medium priority; three more were not analysed due to lack of information. The evaluation revealed a number of subjects that had hitherto been undetected and that may prove useful for prioritization efforts in other regions where TMCF is similarly documented and faces equally severe threats. Based on this analysis, key recommendations are outlined to advance conservation objectives in those TMCF areas that are subjected to high pressure on forest resources.     

基于J2EE的城市森林病虫害专家系统研究

基于J2EE的城市森林病虫害专家系统将自然语言理解技术、数据库技术、网络技术以及领域专家的病虫害诊断经验和病虫害的预测与防治技术成果有机地结合起来,可以对城市森林常见病虫害进行预测、诊断和防治。本文讨论了城市森林病虫害的现状并介绍了基于J2EE的城市森林病虫害专家系统的主要应用技术、设计思路、系统功能和结构设计。     

浅析林区锅炉检验工作遇到的问题及解决办法

依据长期的工作实践,指出林区锅炉检验工作中经常遇到的问题,并针对性地给出了相应的解决办法。     

云南松林燃烧过程中飞火的研究

飞火是高能量火中最复杂、最危险的现象,是在燃烧过程中由火焰热对流带出的未燃尽的木屑、炭块等可燃物,散布在火区外形成新的火点现象。飞火被看成除了传导、对流和辐射之外的第四种热量传递的方式。飞火的出现增加了新的火源,使火场的扩散由连续变成跳跃,大大加快了火灾的蔓延,有时还改变蔓延的方向。以＂3.29＂昆明安宁市森林火灾为研究对象,调查火烧迹地并取样,分析可燃物特征,并对飞火发生的距离进行模拟计算。结果表明,由于云南松林立地干燥,林内可燃物多,连续性好,地形复杂,小气候明显,易发生飞火;引发飞火的可燃物主要是云南松的球果;经验公式和模型计算的飞火距离与实际距离比较接近。     

Self-organization of tropical seasonal rain forest in southwest China

How to measure development of ecosystems is both a theoretical and practical question in ecology. Species richness and biomass accumulation are familiar figures of merit, but they cannot be instant watched. Self-organization is a tacit character. However, methods to measure the degree of self-organization of ecosystem are problematic. To this end Lin et al. (2009) have devised indicators of energy capture and dissipation so that self-organization defined via maximum energy dissipation can be quantified easily. Here the method is used to analyze long-term data (2004-2006) of a tropical seasonal rain forest included in the ChinaFLUX program. Three years of average self-organization values were clearly separated by seasonal variation. Reflection and long wave radiation are the main two pathways of energy loss. For tropical seasonal rain forest studied, long wave radiation contributed most to energy loss, and was negatively correlated with energy capture ability (Rn/DR). The nocturnal difference between canopy and air temperatures had a strong negative correlation with the long wave radiation loss ratio. However, the long wave radiation loss ratio was slightly lower than the reflection loss ratio in rainy season, when values were very low. Precipitation and wind had significant impact on energy dissipation ability in the hot dry season, but the correlation coefficients between precipitation and wind with thermal response numbers (TRNs) were very low. The results indicated that the self-organization estimation system based on “maximum energy dissipation theory” is applicable for tropical forest.     

Validation of a multispecies forest dynamics model using 50-year growth from Eucalyptus forests in eastern Australia

One of the key problems confronting ecological forecasting is the validation of computer models. Here we report successful validation of a forest dynamics model Ecosystem Dynamics Simulator (EDS), adapted from the JABOWA-II forest succession model. This model and many variants derived from it have successfully simulated growth dynamics of uneven-aged mixed forests under changing environment with a moderate amount of input data. But rarely are adequate time-series data available for quantitative model validation. This study tested the performance of EDS in projecting the tree density, tree diameter at breast height (dbh), tree height, basal area and aboveground biomass of uneven-aged, mixed species sclerophyll forests in St. Mary state forests of eastern Australia. The test data were collected between 1951 and 2005. Every tree was uniquely numbered, tagged and measured in consecutive re-measurements. Projected growth attributes were compared with those observed in an independent validation dataset. The model produced satisfactory projections of tree density (91.7%), dbh (92.3%), total tree height (82.8%), basal area (89.3%) and aboveground biomass (87.6%) compared to the observed attributes. These results suggest that the EDS model can provide reasonable capability in projecting growth dynamics of uneven-aged, mixed species sclerophyll forests.