土壤环境中镉、锌形态转化的探讨

论述了土壤中镉、锌的形态分布，讨论了影响土壤环境中Cd、Zn形态转化的因素和物质，如pH、石灰、有机质和其它一些离子和它们的影响机制，为治理土壤重金属污染提供理论依据。     

三江平原不同土地利用方式下土壤磷形态的变化

利用Hedley磷(P)分级方法,比较研究三江平原不同土地利用方式（天然湿地、旱田、水田、弃耕地、人工林地）下土壤P形态变化.结果表明,不同土地利用方式下土壤总磷（TP）含量表现为：湿地>林地>旱田>弃耕地>水田.农田土壤的无机磷（TP_i）占TP比重显著高于湿地,有机磷比重则为湿地高于农田,且水田土壤有机磷（TP_o）比重最小,弃耕地和林地之间差别很小.不同土地利用方式土壤活性无机磷含量差异较小,Resin-P含量约为32～36.3 mg·kg^-1,NaHCO₃-P_i含量为33.77～50.42 mg·kg^-1;农田土壤NaOH-P_i和C.HCl-P_i含量高于湿地土壤,特别是水田中NaOH-P_i达152.4 mg·kg^-1,湿地土壤中D.HCl-P_i含量高于农田达84.3 mg·kg^-1,弃耕地和林地介于二者之间,表明弃耕后土壤P的恢复有向天然湿地的状况发展的趋势.开垦使湿地所有形态有机磷含量和比重都大幅下降,其稳定态有机磷C.HCl-P_o下降幅度最大,其在旱田和水田土壤中含量分别仅为湿地中的25.96%和19.26%;弃耕地有机磷含量比重均有增加,但是速度十分缓慢,湿地开垦后土壤P的恢复需要很长时间.不同土地利用方式下土壤P形态存在显著的差异.     

不同种植模式对土壤团聚体及有机碳组分的影响

结合在有机农场近10年的定位研究,通过同步采样分析,比较了有机种植和常规种植两种不同模式下土壤团聚体组成、分配及团聚体内有机碳组分的差异.结果表明,常规种植模式下随着团聚体粒级的减小,团聚体4个粒级(1 mm、1~0.5 mm、0.5~0.25 mm和0.25 mm)的含量均值分别为23.75%、15.15%、19.98%和38.09%,而有机种植模式下各粒级团聚体(1 mm、1~0.5 mm、0.5~0.25 mm和0.25 mm)的含量分别为9.73%、18.41%、24.46%和43.90%,0.25 mm微团聚体含量显著高于常规种植.有机种植模式提高了土壤有机碳和全氮含量,平均值分别为17.95 g·kg-1和1.51 g·kg-1.有机种植模式下相同粒级间,团聚体中重组有机碳平均含量显著高于常规种植,且重组有机碳在0.25 mm这部分稳定性有机碳主要储存场所的微团聚体中富集.有机种植模式下易氧化态碳在1 mm大团聚体中的含量显著高于常规种植,其它粒级间没有显著差异,易氧化态碳在1 mm大团聚体中富集.有机种植模式增加了土壤有机碳及其组分含量,缓解了耕作对团聚体的破坏,并增强了有机碳的稳定性.有机种植有利于土壤固碳,这为进一步加快我国有机农业的发展提供了理论依据.     

巢湖表层沉积物中重金属的分布特征及其污染评价

以巢湖表层沉积物为研究对象,利用BCR连续提取法研究了沉积物中Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Cd、Zn、V和Pb等8种重金属元素的分布特征,同时运用潜在风险指数法和地累积指数法综合评价了巢湖沉积物中重金属的生态风险。结果表明,巢湖沉积物中的重金属含量在空间上表现出东西高、中间低的分布特征。巢湖表层沉积物中Cr、Co、Ni、V和Cu 5种重金属都主要以残渣态为主,Zn和Cd主要以弱酸提取态为主,Pb以可还原态为主,同时,Co和Cu 2种元素的可交换态及可还原态含量占有较高比例,具有潜在危害性。相关性分析显示,Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni、Zn和Cd 6种重金属元素的来源和分布可能具有相似性,Co和V 2种重金属元素具有相似的地球化学行为且其主要来源可能与其他几种重金属不同。潜在生态风险指数评价结果表明,巢湖表层沉积物中8种重金属元素构成的生态危害顺序为:Cd>Pb>Co>Cu>Ni>Zn>V>Cr,Cd具有高的生态危害等级,其他7种重金属元素均为低生态危害等级。地累积指数法评价结果表明:巢湖沉积物重金属元素的富集程度为Cd>Zn>Pb>Co>Cu>V>Ni>Cr,Cr属于清洁级别,Co、Cu、V和Ni处于轻度污染水平,Zn和Pb处于偏中度污染,Cd达到了重污染水平。     

Phosphorus fractions and adsorption characteristics of floodplain sediments in the lower reaches of the Hanjiang River, China

The phosphorus fractions and adsorption characteristics of seven floodplain sediment samples collected in the lower reaches of China’s Hanjiang River were studied. Most phosphorus fractions showed a marked downstream increase in response to point-source inputs from urban areas. Total phosphorus (TP) contents in the sediments ranged from 603.68 to 945.25 mg.kg⁻¹. Inorganic phosphorus (IP) was the major component of TP, and calcium-bound phosphorus (Ca–P) was the major fraction of IP. The distribution characteristics of the phosphorus contents were affected by sediment grain size and hydrodynamic conditions. The maximum phosphorus adsorption capacities (Q _max) and the half-saturation concentration (k) were obtained using an improved Langmuir model. Native adsorbed exchangeable phosphorus content (w _NAP) and the zero-equilibrium phosphorus concentration value (c _EPC0) were subsequently calculated. The effects of sediment grain size, temperature, and disturbance on the phosphorus adsorption isotherms were also studied. The results showed that phosphorus adsorption on floodplain sediments was primarily chemisorption; the particle concentration effect played a more important role at a disturbance intensity of 150 r.min⁻¹ (on a shaker table) than at 100 r.min⁻¹.     

Linking desorption kinetics to phenanthrene biodegradation in soil

The desorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) often exhibits a biphasic profile similar to that observed for biodegradation whereby an initial rapid phase of degradation or desorption is followed by a phase of much slower transformation or release. Most investigations to-date have utilised a polymeric sorbent, such as Tenax, to characterise desorption, which is methodologically unsuitable for the analysis of soil. In this study, desorption kinetics of ¹⁴C-phenanthrene were measured by consecutive extraction using aqueous solutions of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD). The data indicate that the fraction extracted after 24 h generally approximated the linearly sorbed, rapidly desorbing fraction (F_rap), calculated using a three-compartment model. A good linear correlation between phenanthrene mineralised and F_rap was observed (r² = 0.89; gradient = 0.85; intercept = 8.20). Hence HPCD extraction (24 h) and first-order three-compartment modelling appear to provide an operationally straightforward tool for estimating mass-transfer limited biodegradation in soil.     

Wild fire impact on copper, zinc, lead and cadmium distribution in soil and relation with abundance in selected plants of Lamiaceae family from Vidlic Mountain (Serbia)

Fire has been considered as an improving factor in soil quality, but only if it is controlled. Severe wild fire occurred in the summer 2007 on the Vidlic Mountain (Serbia) overspreading a huge area of meadows and forests.Main soil characteristics and content of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn) in different fractions obtained after sequential extraction of soil from post-fire areas and from fire non disturbed areas were studied. In four plant species of Lamiaceae family (Ajuga genevensis L., Lamium galeobdolon (L.) L., Teucrium chamaedrys L., Acinos alpinus (L.) Moench.), that grow in typical habitats of the mountain, distribution of heavy metals in aerial parts and roots was investigated too.For all samples from post-fire area cation exchange capacity and soil organic matter content are increased while rH is decreased. Fire caused slightly increased bioavailability of the observed metals but more significant rise happened in metal amounts bound to oxides and organics. The plants showed variable behavior. T. chamaedrys collected on the post-fire area contained elevated concentrations of all analyzed metals. A. alpinus showed higher phytoaccumulation for Zn and Cd, while the other two plant species for Pb and Cd in the post-fire areas.     

Subcellular distribution op neurotoxic esterase activity in lamb and mouse brain

Abstract

Brain tissue samples of nice (7.5 g from 25 mouse brains and lamb (25 g) were homogenized and subcellular fractions prepared in order to assay the distribution of neurotoxic esterase (NTE) activity. The specific inhibitor, N,N‐diisopropylphosphorodiamidic fluoride (mipafox) was synthesized and purified. Maximum specific activity of NTE was reached in the microsomal fraction (110,000 g) while the enzyme activity in the soluble fraction (110,000 g) was extremely low. This subcellular distribution of NTE activity in mammal brains is an original contribution. Brain microsomal fraction is suggested to be a more reliable source for the highest activity of NTE. The specific activity of NTE of lamb brain was much higher than that of mouse brain. This night help interpretation of the characteristic species variation in susceptibility to NTE inhibitors which are known to be potent delayed neurotoxic agents.     

Preferential binding between intracellular organic matters and Al13 polymer to enhance coagulation performance

Coagulation is the best available method for removing intracellular organic matter (IOM), which is released from algae cells and is an important precursor to disinfection by-products in drinking water treatment. To gain insight into the best strategy to optimize IOM removal, the coagulation performance of two Al salts, i.e., aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) and polyaluminum chloride (PACl, containing 81.2% Al₁₃), was investigated to illuminate the effect of Al species distribution on IOM removal. PACl showed better removal efficiency than AlCl₃ with regard to the removal of turbidity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), owing to the higher charge neutralization effect and greater stability of pre-formed Al₁₃ species. High pressure size exclusion chromatography analysis indicated that the superiority of PACl in DOC removal could be ascribed to the higher binding affinity between Al₁₃ polymer and the low and medium molecular weight (MW) fractions of IOM. The results of differential log-transformed absorbance at 254 and 350?nm indicated more significant formation of complexes between AlCl₃ and IOM, which benefits the removal of tryptophan-like proteins thereafter. Additionally, PACl showed more significant superiority compared to AlCl₃ in the removal of < 5?kDa and hydrophilic fractions, which are widely viewed as the most difficult to remove by coagulation. This study provides insight into the interactions between Al species and IOM, and advances the optimization of coagulation for the removal of IOM in eutrophic water.     

宜宾市冬季挥发性有机物污染特征及来源

为了解宜宾市冬季VOCs（volatile organic compounds,挥发性有机物）污染特征,于2016年12月选取宜宾市2个国控环境监测点位,采集冬季环境空气VOCs样品,利用三级冷阱预浓缩仪-气相色谱质谱联用仪（GC-MS）测定大气中89种VOCs物种,分析VOCs体积分数及其物种组成情况,并对其主要来源进行识别.结果表明:宜宾市区冬季环境空气中φ（VOCs）平均值为35.10×10-9,φ（VOCs）最高值和最低值分别为67.34×10-9、20.58×10-9;监测VOCs物种类别中芳香烃占比最高,其次为烷烃、卤代烃;体积分数较大的VOCs物种主要为苯、甲苯、氯甲烷、二氯甲烷、异丁烷、异丙醇、正丁烷等.CMB（化学质量平衡）模型源解析宜宾市冬季环境空气VOCs的六大主要贡献源分别为移动源、油气挥发源、溶剂使用源、工艺过程源、生物质燃烧源和其他源.以2015年为基准年,利用排放因子法对宜宾市VOCs进行排放量计算发现,宜宾市VOCs年排放量为39.54×103 t,其中,工艺过程源、溶剂使用源、移动源、化石燃料燃烧源的贡献率分别为35.5%、24.5%、28.9%、8.0%.研究显示,对宜宾市冬季环境空气中VOCs贡献率较大的污染源分别为移动源、溶剂使用源、工艺过程源等。