不同Cu形态在土壤-植物系统中的可利用性及其活性诱导

通过偏剔除法与重金属模拟形态试验 ,研究了Cu各形态的植物可利用性以及EDTA、味精废水、柠檬酸废水对各形态Cu的溶出和植物吸收与转运的影响 .结果表明 ,Cu各形态的植物可利用性的顺序为水溶交换态、有机结合态 >碳酸盐结合态 >铁锰氧化物结合态 >残渣态 ;Cu各形态受活化情况和植物吸收情况与外源物质的成分与性质有关 ,EDTA对Cu形态的溶出与促进植物吸收与转运Cu素的效果最为明显 ,味精废水次之 .     

土壤中元素磷的地球化学

土壤磷素包括无机磷和有机磷。由于生物有效性的不同 ,无机磷和有机磷又可分为各种形态的无机磷和有机磷组分。土壤磷素的生物地球化学行为受多种因素的影响。为此本文概述了土壤中元素磷的地球化学行为及其影响因素。     

Response of antioxidase in viscera of Pagrosuma major larvae to water soluble fraction of hydrocarbons in No.0 diesel oil

Pagrosomus major larvae were to the water-soluble fraction of hydrocarbon in No.0 diesel oil(corresponding to No.2 fuel oil) at concentration of 0,0.17,1.22 and 8.82mg/L for up to 15 days.Larvae were sampled on days 9 and 15 of the experiment.Supernatants of viscera tissue extractions were assayed for biochemical response in terms of oxidative stress-superoxide dismutase(SOD),activity of selenium-dependant glutathione peroxidase(Se-GPx) and catalase(Ca),and the concentration of reduced glutathione(CSH).On day 9 of exposure ,statistically significant dose-related increases in Se-GPx and SOD activity,and GSH concentration were observed in all cases except for Se-GPx activity under the highest dosage of hydrocarbon.However,on day 15 of exposure, a similar dose-related in all cases except for Se-GPx activity under the highest dosage of hydrocarbon.However,on day 15 of exposure, a similar dose-related response was only observed for Se-GPx activity.GSH concentration decreased and SOD activity showed no statistical difference as compared to controls.However, a significant decrease in compared to day 9 Se-GPx activity and GSH concentration, in contrast to increase SOD activity at day 15 as indicates an accelerated accumulation of H2O2 and potential oxidative damage under long term exposure of larvae to hydrocarbons.No statistical changes were observed in Ca activity throughout the experiment, possibly owing to the high efficiency of Se-GPx.A recovery experiment was performed on indicating that the response of antioxidants measured tending to returm to return to their control levels.These results prove the function of the antioxidant defense system of the larvae to the water-soluble fraction of hydrocarbons in No.0 diesel oil.     

Response of antioxidase in viscera of Pagrosuma Major larvae to water soluble fraction of hydrocarbons in No.0 diesel oil

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独山锑冶炼厂周边土壤锑砷空间分布特征、污染评价及健康风险评估

以贵州省独山县某锑矿冶炼厂周边土壤为研究对象,按照辐射布点取样的原则,布设45个采样点,共采集0~30 cm的土壤样品135件.基于GIS空间分析、内梅罗指数及人群健康风险评价等研究方法,分析了地形和风向对锑（Sb）在土壤中分布的影响,并对Sb和As在该区域土壤中的含量、空间分布、污染水平及人体健康风险进行了探究与评估.结果表明,Sb在新、老两厂周边不同深度（0~10、10~20、20~30 cm）土壤中的含量平均值分别是贵州省背景值的11.90、9.24、4.32和8.13、8.06、4.88倍,且随深度增加呈明显降低的垂直分布特征,其在20~30 cm深度土壤中的含量接近贵州省土壤背景值.而As在不同深度土壤中的含量变化不明显,总体平均值在贵州省土壤背景值的1.39~1.62倍之间.老冶炼厂周边土壤中Sb有效态含量占比均高于新厂区,且随土壤深度的增加而增加,而As在各层位土壤中均以残渣态为主,其含量占比高达80%以上.Sb在新、老冶炼厂周边土壤中的分布受到地形和主导风向影响,在烟囱周边300 m范围内土壤中Sb含量最高,随距离增加呈现缓慢降低特征;同时,土壤中Sb含量随海拔的增加而降低.从土壤污染的空间分布上看,老冶炼厂东北面土壤尚属清洁,其余区域达到轻微污染水平.人体健康风险评价结果显示,冶炼厂周边土壤中As的致癌风险不明显,As和Sb对成人与儿童的非致癌健康风险均较小.     

淋洗液对沿海滩涂设施土壤重金属的洗脱效应

为剖析不同淋洗液作用下土壤重金属的形态分布及淋洗效应,探究重金属活性钝化与总量消减调控技术,本文采用土柱模拟自然淋洗结合形态分析的方法,研究了不同浓度柠檬酸、EDTA和秸秆粉3种淋洗液对土壤Cd、Pb和Cr全量、形态分布及洗脱效果的影响.结果表明：盐碱环境下,柠檬酸和秸秆粉对土壤重金属的淋洗率不足1%,而EDTA对Pb和Cd的淋洗率分别达到24.62%和80.56%.形态分析结果表明：各处理对土壤Cd、Pb和Cr形态组成的影响程度表现为秸秆粉 > EDTA > 柠檬酸,EDTA和柠檬酸可增加酸溶态和可还原态含量进而促进重金属洗脱,但同时也提高了土壤有效态重金属含量并增加安全风险.秸秆粉对Cd和Pb的钝化效果最显著,促进其由其他形态向残渣态转化,但秸秆粉对Cr形态分布的影响较弱.     

两种沉水植物对上覆水和间隙水中各形态磷的影响

在实验室模拟研究根系发达的沉水植物狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum L.)和无固定根的沉水植物金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)对上覆水、间隙水中各形态磷的浓度及含量比例的影响,探讨不同根系特征的沉水植物对上覆水和间隙水中各形态磷的影响.结果表明,狐尾藻和金鱼藻生长期对上覆水和间隙水中各溶解态磷的浓度有较大的影响:(1)狐尾藻生长期对上覆水中DTP、SRP、DOP吸收率分别为7.0%、11.7%、3.5%,对间隙水中DTP、SRP、DOP吸收率分别为20.8%、12.5%、48.4%;(2)金鱼藻生长期对上覆水中DTP、SRP、DOP吸收率分别为30.3%、54.9%、13.2%,对间隙水中DTP、SRP、DOP吸收率分别为19.3%、3.8%、30.4%;(3)狐尾藻组、金鱼藻组、对照组上覆水中SRP含量比例较初始状态分别减少了13.0%、34.0%、-0.9%,PP分别增加了18.2%、33.1%、4.2%,DOP分别增加了7.2%、17.68%、-4.35%.研究结果可为同类富营养化湖泊生态修复提供理论指导.     

红壤不同粒级组分中砷的形态——基于连续分级提取和XANES研究

土壤固相由不同大小的土壤颗粒构成.研究砷在土壤不同粒级组分中的形态,有助于深入了解土壤中砷的生物有效性、移动性及其环境风险.本文以砷吸附能力很强的红壤为研究对象,采用传统化学提取法研究了砷在各粒级组分（50～250μm,5～50μm,1～5μm和〈1μm）中的含量和形态,并采用X射线吸收近边结构（XANES）光谱法表征...     

Mineral materials as feasible amendments to stabilize heavy metals in polluted urban soils

Four minerals, agricultural limestone (AL), rock phosphate (RP), palygorskite (PG), and calcium magnesium phosphate (CMP), were evaluated by means of chemical fractions of heavy metals in soils and concentrations of heavy metals in leachates from columns to determine their ability to stabilize heavy metals in polluted urban soils. Two urban soils (calcareous soil and acidic soil) polluted with cadmium, copper, zinc and lead were selected and amended in the laboratory with the mineral materials) for 12 months. Results indicated that application of the mineral materials reduced exchangeable metals in the sequence of Pb, Cd > Cu > Zn. The reduction of exchangeable fraction of heavy metals in the soils amended with di erent mineral materials followed the sequence of CMP, PG > AL > RP. Reductions of heavy metals leached were based on comparison with cumulative totals of heavy metals eluted through 12 pore volumes from an untreated soil. The reductions of the metals eluted from the calcareous soil amended with the RP, AL, PG and CMP were 1.98%, 38.89%, 64.81% and 75.93% for Cd, 8.51%, 40.42%, 60.64% and 55.32% for Cu, 1.76%, 52.94%, 70.00% and 74.12% for Pb, and 28.42%, 52.74%, 64.38% and 49.66% for Zn. Those from the acidic soil amended with the CMP, PG, AL, and RP were 25.65%, 68.06%, 78.01% and 79.06% for Cd, 26.56%, 49.64%, 43.40% and 34.68% for Cu, 44.44%, 33.32%, 61.11% and 69.44% for Pb, and 18.46%, 43.77%, 41.98% and 40.68% for Zn. The CMP and PG treatments were superior to the AL and RP for stabilizing heavy metals in the polluted urban soils.     

兰州城关区冬春季PM10的化学组分和来源分析

为了解兰州市城关区冬春季PM10的来源,利用电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP-MS)测定了PM10中全样和水溶性Ti、V、Cr、Cd、Mn、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Sb、Pb、Ba、Mg 、Al和Fe元素的浓度.研究结果表明,兰州市城关区冬春季PM10中这些全样和水溶性元素的总浓度均表现为冬季高于春季,且除部分地壳元素(Al...