水稻光合同化碳在土壤不同粒径、密度分组中的分配特征

水稻生长影响土壤有机质在土壤及其各组分中的分布,是关系土壤有机质储量的重要因子.为量化水稻光合同化碳在土壤不同粒径和密度组分中的分布,进而为水稻土有机质积累持续机制与固碳潜力研究提供数据支撑,应用14C连续标记示踪技术,以当地主栽水稻品种"中优169"为供试作物,分别选取亚热带区4种典型稻田土壤,通过土壤有机质物理分组方法探讨了水稻根际输入的光合碳在土壤物理组分(粒径、密度)中的含量和分配特征.结果表明,水稻标记种植80 d后,250～2 000μm粒径的SOC14含量范围为118.23～309.94 mg.kg-1,SOC14/SOC的比例范围为0.52%～1.55%,均大于20～250μm、<20μm这2个粒径的SOC14含量和SOC14/SOC的比例,250～2 000μm、20～250μm这2个粒径的轻组组分的SOC14含量均显著大于相应的重组组分的SOC14含量,说明稻田生态系统通过水稻的根际沉积作用将有机碳(水稻光合同化碳)主要固定在大粒径的轻组组分中,从而提高了土壤有机碳含量.相关分析表明,250～2 000μm粒径与其轻、重组组分、<20μm粒径、20～250μm粒径的SOC14含量之间均呈显著性正相关,而<20μm、20～250μm粒径的轻组组分的SOC14含量之间呈极显著性负相关.     

缺氧条件下土壤砷的形态转化与环境行为研究

采集张士污灌区0～100 cm深的土壤并在实验室里负载低浓度的砷,采用不加硫和加硫对比研究了厌氧条件下土著微生物对土壤中砷的形态转化、环境行为影响及其机制.结果表明,在不外加硫酸盐条件下厌氧培养8 d后,微生物还原作用造成砷的大量还原和释放,释放的砷70%以上是以As(Ⅲ)形式存在,尤其20～40 cm深度土壤砷的释放量明显高于其它层土壤,As(Ⅲ)和As(T)分别达到892.8μg.L-1和1 240.6μg.L-1.与非生物对照相比每层土中盐酸可提取的砷总量都大大降低,且盐酸提取的As(T)几乎全部转化为As(Ⅲ).伴随砷的释放,铁发生还原和释放,溶解态的亚铁基本都在40 mg.L-1以上,不同土层固相中亚铁离子的量都在9.0～13.4 g.kg-1范围内,固相盐酸可提取态总铁中亚铁离子所占的比例基本都在50%以上,说明微生物还原作用造成固相中铁氧化物发生还原性溶解和矿物结构转化.当体系中添加10 mmol.L-1的硫酸盐时,每层土的生物培养体系中铁的释放几乎完全被抑制,砷和铁浓度也减少了50%.与不加硫生物培养体系相比,固相中盐酸可提取的砷量减少了50%,一部分砷被转化为稳定的硫化物As2S3而固定.可见在硫酸盐不足条件下微生物还原作用可造成砷被还原、活化和释放,而补充土壤中硫酸盐的量可促使微生物还原/活化的砷转化成更加稳定的形态,稳定的硫化物矿物As2S3是土壤微生物固定砷的重要途径.     

环境试样中痕量砷的形态分析研究

提出了湖水和土壤中痕量砷的形态分类方案,研究备形态的分离与测定.水样以0.45μm膜过滤分离出悬浮态的砷,用活性炭分离砷的胶态与游离态;土壤样品依次用水、稀盐酸提取.0.45μm膜过滤,得到水溶态、酸溶态和残余态,前两者用活性炭方法分离胶态与游离态;以巯基棉纤维分离,二巯基丙醇衍生气相色谱法测定各形态的砷的总量及胶态与游离态中砷的价态、无机态和有机态,从而建立湖水和土壤中痕量砷的形态分析方法.     

草酸盐影响污染土壤中砷释放的研究

选取3种砷污染土壤,以草酸钾为提取剂在pH为5.5时解吸污染土壤中的砷,研究了草酸盐从0～10.0mmol·L-1浓度范围内对污染土壤中砷的释放和化学形态的影响.研究结果表明,土壤中砷的释放量随提取时间的增加而增加,在提取时间6h左右砷释放量最大.3价砷、5价砷的释放量随草酸盐浓度的增加而增大,5价砷释放量较3价砷大.同时发现土壤中Fe、Al的共同释放量与砷的释放量存在显著的线性关系.     

土壤水分对稻田土壤有效砷及碱性磷酸酶活性影响

采用室内模拟方法,在35%、65%和110%最大饱和持水量（WHC）条件下,系统地分析了稻田土壤有效砷及碱性磷酸酶活性变化规律.结果表明：砷污染稻田土壤后有效砷含量随砷污染浓度增加而增大,随培养时间延长逐渐降低,15d后趋于稳定;淹水降低了土壤有效砷含量及碱性磷酸酶活性;采用U=A/（1+B×C）模型较好拟合了不同水分下土壤碱性磷酸酶活性（U）与砷浓度（C）关系,表明碱性磷酸酶活性在一定程度上可表征不同水分下稻田土壤砷污染程度;计算得到稻田土壤砷轻度污染临界浓度（ED₁₀）为总砷67mg/kg和有效砷11mg/kg.研究表明适当调控土壤水分含量是控制稻田土壤砷毒性的有效方法之一.     

西南典型碳酸盐岩高地质背景区农田重金属化学形态、影响因素及回归模型

土壤重金属化学形态是决定重金属生物活性和生物毒性的重要因素,是科学评价西南碳酸盐岩高地质背景区土壤重金属生态风险的关键.为了探明碳酸盐岩高地质背景区土壤重金属化学形态分布情况,选择贵州省典型碳酸盐岩分布区,以第二次全国土壤普查图斑为采样单元,在农田中采集土壤表层样品309件,利用改进的Tessier七步顺序提取法,分析了As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn等7种重金属的水溶态（F1）、离子交换态（F2）、碳酸盐结合态（F3）、弱有机结合态（F4）、铁锰氧化物结合态（F5）、强有机结合态（F6）和残渣态（F7）这7种化学形态.结果发现,土壤中重金属As、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn残渣态比例均超过50%,有效组分（F1~F3）比例均小于5%,潜在生物有效组分（F4~F6）比例低于45%,活性较低,生态风险不高.Cd的有效组分和潜在生物有效组分占比分别为55.49%和29.37%,远高于其他重金属,基于土壤重金属形态的生态风险远小于基于土壤总量的生态风险.逐步回归方程可以有效建立Cd、Cu和Pb生物有效组分与影响因素之间的关系.重金属全量和pH值是影响碳酸盐岩高地质背景区土壤重金属化学形态的重要因子,受研究区长期土法炼锌活动和碳酸盐岩风化成土过程中重金属元素倾向于在残渣态中富集的影响,土壤有机质（OM）和氧化物含量对土壤重金属化学形态影响相对较小.     

小球藻对土壤-水稻系统砷化学形态转化的影响

为揭示绿藻对土壤-水稻系统砷形态转化的影响特征,系统分析了不同浓度小球藻共存条件下水稻土砷氧化还原与溶解释放行为的变化,并结合水稻培育试验,对小球藻影响水稻砷吸收与体内砷形态的发生机制进行探讨.试验设置对照组及小球藻浓度（以体积分数计）分别为1%、5%、10%的处理,研究了小球藻对溶液体系、淹水土壤体系和淹水土壤-水稻体系中砷的化学形态转化的作用.结果表明:加藻组使As（Ⅲ）溶液和淹水土壤E_h（氧化还原电位）与pH均普遍高于对照组.在As（Ⅲ）溶液体系中,加藻组As（Ⅲ）氧化转化率较对照组升高2.38%~4.95%,该作用在淹水土壤中得到印证,小球藻的共存使土壤孔隙水ρ[As（Ⅴ）]较对照组升高129.22%~221.41%,而ρ（甲基砷）出现显著下降（5.25%~53.31%）.水稻栽培试验进一步发现,小球藻明显促进土壤中晶体态铁铝氧化物向弱结晶与无定形铁铝氧化物结合态砷等的转化,导致水稻幼苗对砷的吸收积累量增加-3.4%~23.11%,推测这与小球藻作用下土壤孔隙水ρ（DOC）的增加密切相关.研究显示,尽管小球藻有利于提高淹水土壤体系E_h并加速As（Ⅲ）的氧化转化,但小球藻可能通过有机酸等分泌物的竞争吸附作用促进铁铝氧化物结合态砷的溶解释放,从而增加水稻砷吸收;淡水藻类对土壤-水稻体系砷吸收积累的风险值得引起高度关注,并需要在大田试验中进一步加以验证.      

转换电极的电动力强化植物修复高浓度砷污染土壤

电极转换下,以Capsicum annuum L.为对象探讨电动力强化的植物修复高浓度砷污染土壤效果。结果表明:对照组土壤pH降低,实验组升高。对照组土壤中砷浓度从（524.1±5.6） mg/kg降低为（500.5±8.3） mg/kg,实验组不同区域土壤砷浓度分别为（179.8±10.6）,（674.9±5.43）,（512.8±7.3） mg/kg。相较于对照组,实验组植物对砷的吸收量分别增加了-18.1%、282.8%和170.3%。对照组、实验组区域1、2、3的土壤和根际土壤砷浓度之比分别为2.62、0.64、1.48和1.26,电场增高了植物根系附近的砷浓度。对照组、实验组区域1、2、3土壤第5天的残渣态砷占比为55.64%、34.99%、39.06%和0%;对照组、实验组第5天阴极和第10天阴极附近土壤,结晶水铁铝氧化物结合态和残渣态砷占比为67.45%、0%和8.88%;体现了电场对土壤重金属形态的活化作用。实验组修复10 d的电耗成本为79.5元/m3,具备一定经济优势。     

微波消解-双道原子荧光分析仪联合测定土壤中砷和汞

应用AFS-9530型双道原子荧光光谱法研究土壤样品中砷和汞的联合测定技术,将土壤样品置于(1+1)王水的微波消解体系中进行消解,加入1m L 5%的重铬酸钾溶液保护汞,加入5m L(5%硫脲+5%抗坏血酸)混合液将五价砷还原为三价,以硼氢化钾为还原剂在5%盐酸介质中测定砷和汞,最低检出限为砷0.55μg/L,汞0.30μg/L,回收率砷在93.5%—105.8%之间,汞在85.5%—104.9%之间,满足准确度要求。     

黄棕壤中不同粒径组分的提取分级与表征

以去离子水为分散剂,采用连续分级法,结合使用筛分、沉降、离心及错流超滤(CFF)等技术,将60目黄棕壤提取分级为细砂粒(50~250μm)、粉粒(5~50μm)、粗黏粒(1~5μm)、细黏粒(0.1~1μm)、纳米微粒(<0.1μm)5个组分;采用激光粒度仪、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等方法对分级结果进行了表征.激光衍射粒度分析所测得各组分实际粒径分布结果与划定的粒径分级范围均很好吻合,表明按上述方法对土壤颗粒进行分级是有效、可行的.TEM观察到的纳米粒级成分呈规则球形,绝大部分颗粒粒径在20~40nm之间,有少部分大颗粒团聚体存在.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.