冻融作用下寒温带针叶林土壤碳氮矿化过程研究

以大兴安岭落叶松林土壤为研究对象,设置8℃恒温和-5-8℃冻融循环（1个冻融循环为在-5℃培养24 h,后在8℃培养24 h）2个处理,进行30 d的室内培养实验,探讨了寒温带针叶林土壤在冻融交替时期的碳氮矿化过程及其相互关系。结果表明,培养温度和培养时间对土壤碳矿化速率和碳矿化累积量均有显著影响。第1次和第5次冻融循环后,冻融处理土壤的碳矿化速率显著高于恒温培养下土壤的碳矿化速率;第7次和第15次冻融循环后,冻融土壤碳矿化累积量显著低于恒温土壤的碳矿化累积量。土壤氮矿化速率没有受到培养温度、培养时间以及二者交互作用的影响,但培养时间和培养温度对土壤净氮矿化累积量有显著的影响。第5、7、15次冻融循环后,冻融处理的土壤无机氮净矿化累积量低于恒温培养的土壤无机氮净矿化累积量。经过30 d的培养,恒温处理下的土壤碳、氮矿化累积量（碳累积量：92.82μg·g-1,氮累积量73.76 mg·kg-1）是冻融处理下（碳累积量：65.51μg·g-1,氮累积量33.45 mg·kg-1）的1.42倍和2.21倍。土壤碳矿化累积量与土壤净氮矿化累积量均为正相关关系,但在相同的碳释放量下冻融循环处理土壤累积的无机氮较少。以上结果表明,冻融循环减少了大兴安岭寒温带落叶松林土壤碳排放和无机氮的累积,有利于土壤碳的固持和减少养分的流失。     

草原土壤的碳氮分布与CO2排放通量的相关性分析

利用静态暗箱法,对内蒙古锡林河流域的贝加尔针茅(Stipa baicalensis)、羊草(Leymus chinensis)、大针茅(Stipa grandis)、克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)等草原群落样地的CO₂排放通量进行了测定;同时采集各样地的不同层次土壤混合样,分析其中有机碳和全氮的含量,探讨其与CO₂排放的相关性.结果发现:不同样地群落的CO₂排放与其土壤中不同层次的有机碳和全氮含量呈高度正相关,相关系数(R)均0.8以上,说明在环境因子相对稳定的情况下,土壤有机碳和全氮含量直接或间接地决定生态系统CO₂排放通量的变化.另外,土壤不同层次的有机碳和全氮含量随深度增加递减,其中70%以上集中在0～30cm土层中,说明它们主要是来自地表有机质的分解;在0～100cm的土层中,土壤有机碳和全氮的总含量从贝加尔针茅草原、大针茅草原、羊草草原和克氏针茅草原依次减少,表明降水量、蒸发量和干燥度是影响土壤有机碳、全氮分布的重要因子.     

三江源典型高寒草地坡面土壤有机碳变化特征及其影响因素

以三江源地区高寒草地退化坡面为研究对象,从草地类型、鼠害和自然因素如水蚀、风蚀、冻融作用这一角度上探讨发生在不同退化程度上土壤有机碳的变化特征,对明晰高寒地区退化草地的碳变化机理和全球气候响应具有重要意义。结果表明:同一侵蚀环境条件和退化程度下,以小嵩草、矮嵩草为优势种高寒草甸比以紫花针茅为优势种的高寒草原土壤有机碳蓄存能力高。轻度退化程度受水蚀影响的高寒草甸曲麻河乡QMH1坡面土壤有机碳平均含量是相距3.5 km高寒草原曲麻河乡QMH2坡面的2.2倍(P<0.01);轻度退化程度受风蚀影响的高寒草甸五道梁WDL坡面土壤有机碳平均含量是高寒草原不冻泉BDQ坡面土壤有机碳含量的3.8倍(P<0.01)。水蚀作用显著影响了高寒退化草地土壤有机碳在坡面上的分布,表现为随坡面向下迁移富集的特征。轻度退化程度受水蚀影响的高寒草甸玛龙ML1号坡面下坡位(距坡顶580 m以下)土壤有机碳平均含量比上坡位(距坡顶580 m以上)高22%(P<0.01)。高寒草甸玛龙ML2坡面土壤有机碳分布特征,不仅具有土壤有机碳含量随退化程度加剧而降低的规律,还叠加有土壤有机碳随水土流失向下富集的迁移分布规律,具体表现为坡上位轻度退化>坡中下位中度退化>坡下位极度退化>坡中上位重度退化,因极度退化坡位处于重度退化的下坡位,表现出极度退化坡位土壤有机碳含量比重度退化坡位高49.3%(P<0.05)。风蚀作用使高寒退化草地表层土壤粗骨化和土壤有机碳加速矿化,表现为受湖陆风影响较弱的鄂陵湖ELH坡面土壤有机碳平均含量比受湖陆风影响较强的扎陵湖ZLH坡面高27.9%(P<0.05)。冻融垮塌降低了高寒退化草地土壤有机碳平均含量,但差异不显著。鼠害影响降低了高寒退化草地土壤有机碳的平均含量,并加速了高寒草地退化的进程。中度退化鼠洞周围SDⅠ-Ⅲ土壤有机碳平均含量是极度退化鼠洞周围SDⅣ-Ⅵ的2.1倍;而未受鼠害影响的中度退化ML2Ⅰ-Ⅱ土壤有机碳平均含量是极度退化ML2Ⅳ-Ⅵ的1.6倍。高寒坡面草地受水蚀、风蚀、冻融以及鼠害等因素作用加剧了土壤有机碳的损失。     

Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfide budgets in the Black Sea: A biogeochemical model of the whole water column coupling the oxic and anoxic parts

Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfide budgets are derived for the Black Sea water column from a coupled physical-biogeochemical model. The model is applied in the deep part of the sea and simulates processes over the whole water column including the anoxic layer that extends from ?115 m to the bottom (?2000 m). The biogeochemical model involves a refined representation of the Black Sea foodweb from bacteria to gelatinous carnivores. It includes notably a series of biogeochemical processes typical for oxygen deficient conditions with, for instance, bacterial respiration using different types of oxidants (i.e denitrification, sulfate reduction), the lower efficiency of detritus degradation, the ANAMMOX (ANaerobic AMMonium OXidation) process and the occurrence of particular redox reactions. The model has been calibrated and validated against all available data gathered in the Black Sea TU Ocean Base and this exercise is described in Gregoire et al. (2008). In the present paper, we focus on the biogeochemical flows produced by the model and we compare model estimations with the measurements performed during the R.V. KNORR expedition conducted in the Black Sea from April to July 1988 (Murray and the Black Sea Knorr Expedition, 1991). Model estimations of hydrogen sulfide oxidation, metal sulfide precipitation, hydrogen sulfide formation in the sediments and water column, export flux to the anoxic layer and to the sediments, denitrification, primary and bacterial production are in the range of field observations.With a simulated Gross Primary Production (GPP) of 7.9 mol C m⁻² year⁻¹ and a Community Respiration (CR) of 6.3 mol C m⁻² year⁻¹, the system is net autotrophic with a Net Community Production (NCP) of 1.6 mol C m⁻² year⁻¹. This NCP corresponds to 20% of the GPP and is exported to the anoxic layer. In order to model Particulate Organic Matter (POM) fluxes to the bottom and hydrogen sulfide profiles in agreement with in situ observations, we have to consider that the degradation of POM in anoxic conditions is less efficient that in oxygenated waters as it has often been observed (see discussion in Hedges et al., 1999). The vertical POM profile produced by the model can be fitted to the classic power function describing the oceanic carbon rate (C_R=Z^−α) using an attenuation coefficient α of 0.36 which is the value proposed for another anoxic environment (i.e. the Mexico Margin) by Devol and Hartnett (2001). Due to the lower efficiency of detritus degradation in anoxic conditions and to the aggregation of particles that enhanced the sinking, an important part of the export to the anoxic layer (i.e. 33%, 0.52 mol C m⁻² year⁻¹) escapes remineralization in the water column and reaches the sediments. Therefore, sediments are active sites of sulfide production contributing to 26% of the total sulfide production.In the upper layer, the oxygen dynamics is mainly governed by photosynthesis and respiration processes as well as by air-sea exchanges. ?71% of the oxygen produced by phytoplankton (photosynthesis+nitrate reduction) is lost through respiration, ?21% by outgasing to the atmosphere, ?5% through nitrification and only ?2% in the oxidation of reduced components (e.g. Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, H₂S).The model estimates the amount of nitrogen lost through denitrification at 307 mmol N m⁻² year⁻¹ that can be partitioned into a loss of ?55% through the use of nitrate for the oxidation of detritus in low oxygen conditions, ?40% in the ANAMMOX process and the remaining ?5% in the oxidation of reduced substances by nitrate.In agreement with data analysis performed on long time series collected since the 1960s (Konovalov and Murray, 2001), the sulfide and nitrogen budgets established for the anoxic layer are not balanced in response to the enhanced particle fluxes induced by eutrophication: the NH₄ and H₂S concentrations increase.     

雅鲁藏布江源区土壤侵蚀特征

以雅鲁藏布江源区所在的马泉河流域为研究区域,运用遥感和G IS技术对土壤侵蚀及其空间分布的地貌特征进行研究,结果表明:轻度及其以上强度土壤侵蚀面积为18 933.33 km2,占源区面积的71.86%;冻融侵蚀是土壤侵蚀的主要形式,占源区面积的82.53%;风力侵蚀占5.33%,集中分布在河谷宽谷段;水力侵蚀面积所占比例较小,以微度侵蚀为主。土壤侵蚀的地理分布规律受海拔高度的影响较大,垂直分异明显,主要发生在坡度等级较低、地势较平坦的地区。轻度以上冻融侵蚀主要分布在海拔4 600~5 200 m,且有20%以上集中在0°~5°坡地;风力侵蚀主要分布在海拔4 600~5 600 m、0°~25°坡地。极强烈风力侵蚀以西南坡向最大,南、西、东南坡和平地分布较少。强烈风力侵蚀以平地所占比例最大,东北和西2个坡向次之。坡向对冻融侵蚀影响较小。     

CARBON CONTENT OF SEDIMENTS OF SMALL RESERVOIRS1

ABSTRACT: Carbon content was measured in sediments deposited in 58 small reservoirs across the United States. Reservoirs varied from 0.2 to 4000 km2 in surface area. The carbon content of sediment ranged from 0.3 to 5.6 percent, with a mean of 1.9 ± 1.1 percent. No significant differences between the soil and sediment carbon content were found using a paired t-test or ANOVA. The carbon content of sediments in reservoirs was similar to the carbon content of surface soils (0–10 cm) in the watershed, except in watersheds with shrub or steppe (desert) vegetation. Based on the sediment accumulation rates measured in each reservoir, the calculated organic carbon accumulation rates among reservoirs ranged from 26 to 3700 gC m^-2yr^-1, with a mean of 675 ± 739 gC m^-2yr^-1. The carbon content and accumulation rates were highest in sediments from grassland watersheds. High variability was found in carbon content, carbon accumulation, and sediment accumulation rates due to individual watershed and reservoir characteristics rather than to any broad physiographic patterns. The carbon accumulation rates in these reservoir sediments indicate that reservoir sediments could be a significant sink for organic carbon.     

冻融循环条件下武汉红土物理力学性质试验研究

2008年我国南方出现了历史上罕见的"低温雨雪冰冻"天气,由于土体冻融破坏,产生了很多地质灾害。而在土体冻融过程中,温度和含水量具有重要的影响。通过对取自武汉市汉阳地区的红色黏土进行不同含水量下的冻融循环试验,并连同原状土一起,进行了一系列土体物理性质和工程力学性质变化规律的研究,以验证冻融过程对土体强度的影响。     

Development of the Pasture Simulation Model for assessing livestock production under climate change

To simulate climate change impacts on pastures and domestic herbivores as well as feedbacks to the atmosphere in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, we have improved a process-based biogeochemical pasture model, PaSim. The overall aim was to simulate the meat and milk production of cattle (suckler cows with their calves, dairy cows and heifers) in response to climate and management, as well as feedbacks to the atmosphere through enteric methane emissions. Herbage intake at grazing was calculated from animal characteristics, herbage availability, diet digestibility and air temperature. With suckler cows, milk production and changes in daily liveweight and body condition were calculated from net energy balance. The net energy intake of dairy cows and their body reserves at turnout to pasture were used to simulate milk production at pasture, daily liveweight and body condition changes, taking into account cow energy requirements and intake capacity. Heifer growth was determined from heifer net energy intake and liveweight. Net energy intake was used to assess enteric methane production through a conversion factor, which depends both on the energy level of the diet and on the herbivore type. The model was assessed against experimental data for animal performance and methane emissions at grazing. Predictions show good agreement with observations. On average, the root mean square error was 6.5, 4 and 2.5% for the liveweights of suckler cows, suckler calves and heifers, respectively, 18% for dairy milk production and 12% for enteric methane emissions. By comparing this new version of the PaSim model to the previous version, we show that a greater accuracy in animal performance modelling improves the sensitivity of the model to interannual climate variability. However, long term (30 years) projections of climate change impacts on grasslands and of radiative feedbacks to the atmosphere are not significantly modified. The originality and the validity domain of the model are discussed.     

大别山革命老区旅游地“乡土—生态”系统韧性演化规律及影响机制

探讨旅游地“乡土—生态”系统演化,为理解人地关系地域系统结构与功能演变提供了新思路。通过构建“乡土—生态”系统韧性评价体系,解析2005—2019年大别山革命老区旅游地“乡土—生态”系统韧性的演化阶段、过程、路径及机制。结果显示：（1）研究区旅游地“乡土—生态”系统经历了利用、保存、释放、重组适应性循环过程,分别对应旅游地迅速发展期（2005—2009年）、发展成熟期（2010—2012年）、发展过渡期（2013—2016年）和再发展初期（2017—2019年）。（2）在适应性循环过程中研究区县域的数量结构经历了以“较低水平韧性为主→高水平韧性为主”的转变,县域“乡土—生态”系统韧性水平呈波动上升趋势。（3）2005—2019年研究区旅游地“乡土—生态”系统韧性演化的驱动因子由经济层面转向社会文化层面。在内外源因素的作用下,旅游地“乡土—生态”系统韧性通过乡土资源禀赋（向心凝聚力）、经济发展基础（核心推动力）、社会保障功能（重要支撑力）和自然环境本底（基础约束力）的四维驱动,以人的行为为媒介在相互作用和掣肘中演进,当韧性指数超过阈值时其内核组织将打破原有边界、自我调适实现“路径突破”,进入下一阶段适应性循环,以此促进旅游地的可持续发展。     

Methane Fluxes from a Wetland using the Flux-Gradient Technique The Measurement of Methane Flux from a Natural Wetland Pond and Adjacent Vegetated Wetlands using a TDL-Based Flux-Gradient Technique

Methane emissions were measured from a bog andlake in the Experimental Lakes Area in Northern Ontario in 1992and 1993, prior to and following flooding. Bog fluxes were smallin 1992 (0.27 mg m^-2 d^-1) but increased 5-fold in 1993 afterflooding. Over the bog, there was a diel cycle of nighttimeemission and daytime uptake in 1992 in contrast to constantemission in 1993. Lake emissions decreased after flooding butwere much greater than bog emissions in both years (average = 7.3 mg m^-2 d^-1). Seasonally, the bog flux was correlated withground temperatures after flooding. In 1992, lake fluxes werecorrelated with air temperature on a daily basis. In contrast,seasonal lake fluxes were correlated with water and sedimenttemperatures in 1992, but only with sediment temperatures in1993. These results are explained with respect to the effects offlooding on lake and bog dynamics.