生物法合成纳米铁的研究进展

纳米铁颗粒的制备技术发展迅速,方法多种多样。生物法因其具有原料来源广,反应条件温和,产物纳米级颗粒不易团聚,以及有毒副产物少等特点,成为学者们争相研究的对象。对近几年国内外采用微生物、植物提取物等合成纳米铁材料的方法及机理进行了阐述,综述了纳米铁在环保领域的应用,并对今后深入研究生物法合成纳米铁的前景进行了展望。     

Comparative efficacy of certain plant extracts alone and combination with profenofos against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Ethyl alcohol, acetone, and petroleum ether extracts of three plant species belonging to three different botanical families [Strychnos nux-vomica (Loganiaceae), Euphorbia lathyrus (Euphorbiaceae), and Datura stramonlum (Solanaceae)], a chemical insecticide; profenofos and their combinations were tested against second and fourth instars of Spodoptera littoralis under lab conditions. Results revealed that the ethanol extract of S. nux-vomica was the most effective among all plant extracts, where the corrected mortality% were 92, 81, 58, and 27% to 2nd instar and 89, 74, 34, and 11% to 4th instar at concentrations 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, and 0.0625%, respectively. Calculated LC₅₀'s were 0.11, 0.22, and 0.34% to 2nd instar and 0.17, 0.37, and 0.52% to 4th instar for ethanol, petroleum ether, and acetone extracts, respectively. Acetone extracts of all plants were of lower effect. The chemical insecticide profenofos displayed higher efficacy than plant extracts (LC₅₀ = 0.002 and 0.003% for S. littoralis 2nd and 4th larval instars, respectively). The co-toxicity factor reached 76 and 60 when mixing S. nux-vomica + profenofos and D. stramonlum + profenofos at ratio 1:1 against S. littoralis 2nd instar larvae, thus indicating a potentiating effect. While treatment of the 4th instar larvae by the same mixtures resulted in a co-toxicity factor below 20 at all mixing ratios indicating, only, an additive effect against this instar.     

新型氨化菌丝体吸附剂的制备及吸附典型内分泌干扰物的研究

以产黄青霉(Penicillium chrysogenum)菌丝体为原料,通过2步化学反应将含有大量氨基的聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)嫁接到菌丝体表面,优化反应条件,得到最佳的氨化菌丝体吸附剂.该氨化吸附剂的等电点为pH 10.2,是一种表面带正电荷的菌丝体吸附剂,能有效吸附水中的阴离子内分泌干扰物五氯酚钠(PCP)、2,4二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)和全氟辛烷磺酸钾(PFOS).3种污染物的吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程,15℃时最大吸附量分别为342.9、234.1、1725.6 mg/g.热力学计算表明,3种污染物的吸附均是自发发生的,2,4-D和PFOS的吸附是吸热反应,而PCP是放热反应.     

Removal of humic substances by biosorption

Fungal pellets of Aspergillus niger 405,Aspergillus ustus 326,and Stachybotrys sp.1103 were used for the removal of humic substances from aqueous solutions.Batchwise biosorption,carried out at pH 6 and 25°C,was monitored spectrophotometrically and the process described with Freundlich’s model.Calculated sorption coeffcients Kf and n showed that A.niger exhibited the highest effciency.A good match between the model and experimental data and a high correlation coeffcient(R2)pointed out to judicious choice of ...     

高原生境不同水力停留时间下A2/O工艺活性污泥微生物代谢机制研究

在高原生境下构建不同水力停留时间(HRT)运行工况的A²/O系统,结合水质分析及对好氧池活性污泥的16S rRNA基因测序,对微生物优势菌属功能和代谢途径进行研究。结果表明:高原生境下HRT为26.25 h时A²/O工艺处理效果总体最好,微生物优势菌属代谢功能以有机物降解、反硝化脱氮和聚磷菌除磷为主,代谢途径以碳氮磷代谢为主;在高原生境下,应对外界环境变化的细菌双组分调节功能(ko02020)丰度较大,该代谢途径在适应环境变化中有显著作用,是高原生境下的优势代谢途径;微生物细胞中rpoE基因丰度偏大,为微生物适应高原环境提供了保障。HRT为26.25 h时微生物功能基因总丰度最大,可见26.25 h是高原生境下A²/O工艺最佳HRT运行工况。     

生物炭对褐土理化特性及真菌群落结构的影响

为了探讨生物炭施用对土壤理化及生物学特性的影响,在田间条件下研究了不同用量(0、10、20、40 t·hm~(-2))生物炭施用3a后植烟褐土真菌的群落结构特征,并分析了其与土壤环境因子的关系.结果表明,土壤添加生物炭3 a后显著提高了土壤pH、含水率、总有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN)含量,而降低了土壤容重和溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量.Illumina Mi Seq测序结果表明,生物炭的添加对土壤真菌α多样性影响不大,但能显著改变真菌群落结构.物种注释结果表明,所有样本中真菌优势菌群均为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、接合菌门(Zygomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota),其相对丰度之和占所有可注释真菌丰度的90%以上.生物炭提高了子囊菌门和担子菌门的相对丰度,降低了接合菌门的相对丰度.在属水平上,生物炭增加了链格孢属(Alternaria)、锥盖伞属(Conocybe)和曲霉属(Aspergillus)真菌的相对丰度,降低了放射毛霉(Actinomucor)和赤霉菌(Gibberella)的相对丰度.冗余分析(RDA)及Mantel检验结果说明,土壤DOC、pH和含水率是影响褐土真菌群落结构的主要环境因子.综上,生物炭施用3 a后对土壤理化特性有显著的影响,这些环境因子的改变驱动了土壤真菌群落的生态演替.     

鄱阳湖入湖河口沉积物真菌群落结构

本次研究基于高通量测序技术分析了鄱阳湖入湖河口14处沉积物的真菌群落结构特征.测序得到的314条真菌OTU分属于9个门,25个纲,49个目,62个科,62个属和117个种.在OTU分类水平上,鄱阳湖主要支流入湖河口中除饶河、赣江南支和修水具有相近的真菌群落结构外,其它河口之间群落结构差异较大;真菌群落丰度、多样性与沉积物p H、有机碳、有机氮和C/N等环境因子没有显著相关性.在门分类水平上,丰度(序列数比例)最高的是子囊菌门(Ascomycota,49.4%),其次为壶菌门(Chytridiomycota,20.4%)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota,17.8%).与其它河口相比,赣江河口沉积物的水生环境真菌Chytridiomycota丰度显著较高,抚河河口沉积物的陆生环境真菌Basidiomycota丰度显著较高.有机碳是影响鄱阳湖入湖河口沉积物真菌群落门分类组成的主要环境因子,与Basidiomycota相对丰度正相关,与Chytridiomycota负相关,与Ascomycota相关性较弱.     

柳叶蜡梅化感作用初探

以大豆、玉米作为受体,通过对种子萌发指标和幼苗生长量的测定,探讨柳叶蜡梅叶片水浸提液的化感作用.结果表明,不同浓度的柳叶蜡梅水浸提液对两种受体的种子萌发和幼苗生长量均有不同程度的抑制作用,相对电导率和丙二醛含量增加.因此,柳叶蜡梅对大豆、玉米均有化感抑制作用.     

柳叶蜡梅化感作用初探

以大豆、玉米作为受体，通过对种子萌发指标和幼苗生长量的测定，探讨柳叶蜡梅叶片水浸提液的化感作用。结果表明，不同浓度的柳叶蜡梅水浸提液对两种受体的种子萌发和幼苗生长量均有不同程度的抑制作用，相对电导率和丙二醛含量增加。因此，柳叶蜡梅对大豆、玉米均有化感抑制作用。     

Spirulina platensis extract improves the production and defenses of the common bean grown in a heavy metals-contaminated saline soil

Plants have to cope with several abiotic stresses, including salinity and heavy metals (HMs). Under these stresses, several extracts have been used as effective natural biostimulants, however, the use of Spirulina platensis (SP) extract (SPE) remains elusive. The effects of SPE were evaluated as soil addition (SA) and/or foliar spraying (FS) on antioxidant defenses and HMs content of common bean grown in saline soil contaminated with HMs. Individual (40 or 80 mg SPE/hill added as SA or 20 or 40 mg SPE/plant added as FS) or integrative (SA+FS) applications of SPE showed significant improvements in the following order: SA-80+FS-40 > SA-80+FS-20 > SA-40+FS-40 > SA-40+FS-20 > SA-80 > SA-40 > FS-40 > FS-20 > control. Therefore, the integrative SA+FS with 40 mg SP/plant was the most effective treatment in increasing plant growth and production, overcoming stress effects and minimizing contamination of the edible part. It significantly increased plant growth (74%–185%) and yield (107%–227%) by enhancing net photosynthetic rate (78.5%), stomatal conductance (104%), transpiration rate (124%), and contents of carotenoids (60.0%), chlorophylls (49%–51%), and NPK (271%–366%). These results were concurrent with the marked reductions in malondialdehyde (61.6%), hydrogen peroxide (42.2%), nickel (91%–94%), lead (80%–9%), and cadmium (74%–91%) contents due to the improved contents of glutathione (87.1%), ascorbate (37.0%), and α-tocopherol (77.2%), and the activities of catalase (18.1%), ascorbate peroxidase (18.3%), superoxide dismutase (192%), and glutathione reductase (52.2%) as reinforcing mechanisms. Therefore, this most effective treatment is recommended to mitigate the stress effects of salinity and HMs on common bean production while minimizing HMs in the edible part.