真菌滤塔启动及降解甲苯能力研究

生物法对于处理挥发性有机废气是一种经济和环境友好的处理工艺。研究在酸性条件下处理含甲苯气体,考察在不同进气浓度和入口负荷下真菌滤塔降解甲苯的能力。实验选用处理焦化废水的污泥作为真菌菌源,采用高浓度气态挂膜法,启动周期为12天,在pH=5的条件下运行2个月,以NO3--N为氮源能很好地去除高负荷甲苯气体,并且可以长期稳定高效运行。     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

补充碳源提取液对人工湿地脱氮作用的影响

为了提高人工湿地的脱氮效率,在不同条件下分别对美人蕉、香蒲及稻杆进行稀硫酸水解,以获得相应碳源提取液.正交实验表明,稀硫酸浓度的提高和水解时间的增加都会导致碳源释碳能力的提高,稻杆在5%稀硫酸溶液中水解30 min以上,释碳能力最高.通过观察,前2 d是系统脱氮反应高峰时段.对以NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N为氮源的脱氮过程,随C/N比升高,NO₃^--N和TN去除率增长明显;而NH₄⁺-N受溶解氧制约,去除有限;随C/N比升高,碳源对系统溶解氧的竞争会进一步抑制硝化反应的彻底进行.而对以NO₃^--N为氮源的反硝化过程,补充碳源对TN和NO₃^--N的去除有明显作用;TN去除率由54%提高到95%,NO₃^--N去除率由48%提高到96%;中间产物NO₂^--N的积累与NO₃^--N去除率有关;当NO₃^--N去除率较高时,NO₂^--N无积累.此外,基质反硝化强度也随C/N比升高呈上升趋势,湿地填料细沙层的反硝化强度略高于碎石层.     

铜尾矿白羊草重金属含量对叶际和根际真菌群落的影响

植物的叶际和根际微生物与宿主植物之间存在复杂的相互关系,能促进植物的生长,增强宿主植物对逆境胁迫的耐受性.本实验选择铜矿区主要恢复植被白羊草为研究对象,采用高通量测序的方法,分析白羊草叶际和根际真菌群落结构与多样性差异,探究白羊草叶片和根部富集的重金属含量对叶际和根际真菌群落特征的影响.结果表明,在白羊草的根际和叶际区域,子囊菌门（Ascomycota）和担子菌门（Basidiomycota）均为优势菌门.白羊草根际真菌群落的多样性和丰富度显著高于叶际真菌.白羊草植株叶际和根际真菌多样性受到不同重金属的影响,白羊草叶际多样性主要受到叶片Zn和Cu含量的影响,而根Pb含量是影响根际真菌群落多样性的关键因子.此外,叶际子囊菌门的孢菌科与叶片Cd含量有极显著正相关关系,根际丛赤壳科与根Zn含量显著正相关,可作为重金属污染区域生态恢复的指示菌种.本研究为铜尾矿生态恢复过程中发掘和利用叶际或根际真菌资源提供科学依据,也为筛选重金属污染区生态修复的植物-微生物共生体提供基础.     

分子生物学技术在菌根研究中的应用及其进展

近几年来,菌根分子生物学得到了较快发展;尤其是一些用于首根真菌ITS区域的特异引物先后设计并合成成功,进一步推动了菌根学在分子水平上的研究。分子生物学技术在留根真菌分类鉴定及亲缘关系研究上应用较多。在菌根菌竟争性和持续性研究上．DNA分析技术已成为最重要的研究手段之一。在这些研究中,专为菌根真菌ITS区域分析而设计的ITS1-F和ITS4-B两种特异引物应用最为普遍。本文对菌根DNA分析技术、PCR－RFLP技术做了简单介绍;综述了PCR、ITh－RFLP等分析技术在菌根菌分类、亲缘关系及菌种持续性等方面的研究和应用情况。     

不同改良物料对盐碱土壤真菌群落结构的影响

研究不同改良物料对盐碱土壤理化性质和真菌群落结构的影响,可为合理改良盐碱土壤提供理论依据.以内蒙河套平原中度盐碱土壤为试验地,采用高通量测序技术,探讨了空白对照（CK）、脱硫石膏（T1）、土壤改良剂（T2）、有机肥（T3）和脱硫石膏复配土壤改良剂与有机肥（T4）等5个处理对土壤理化性质和真菌群落多样性、组成和结构的影响.结果表明,与CK相比,改良处理显著提高了速效磷、速效钾、有机质和碱解氮含量,同时T4处理显著降低了土壤pH;改良处理增加了真菌多样性,但降低了真菌丰富度;改良后的土壤优势真菌门为子囊菌门、担子菌门和被孢霉门,优势菌属为被孢霉属、Conocybe、Botryotrichum、镰刀菌属和假单胞菌属.改良处理增加了子囊菌门、担子菌门、镰刀菌属和假单胞菌属的相对丰度,但降低了被孢霉门、壶菌门和被孢霉属的相对丰度;LEfSe分析表明,改良处理改变了真菌群落的生物标志物;相关性分析表明,pH和速效钾是影响真菌群落结构的主要环境因子.研究结果可为改良内蒙河套平原盐碱土壤,提高土壤养分提供科学依据.     

广州市不同粒径大气颗粒物有机提取物的致突变性研究

为了了解广州市大气气溶胶中不同粒径颗粒物中有机物的污染水平以及其对人体健康的影响 ,用 6段分级采样器分段采集 相似文献   

Insecticidal activity of raw ethanolic extracts from Magnolia dealbata Zucc on a tephritid pest

Ethanolic extracts from Magnolia dealbata (Zucc.) (Magnoliaceae); leaves, bark, seeds, sarcotesta and flowers were evaluated for insecticidal activity against adults of the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Using feeding bioassays composed from sugar-extract mixtures, only the extract from sarcotesta indicated insecticidal activity against the flies. The extracts from the other four plant tissues (leaves, bark, seeds and flowers) did not manifest any biological activity. The most effective extract was obtained from oven-dried sarcotesta, whereas extracts from fresh sarcotesta were inactive. Our results suggest that M. dealbata sarcotesta contains secondary metabolites with insecticidal activity against A. ludens adults. These metabolites are as potent as natural pyrethins and represent a potential substance for controlling this type of pest.     

长期生草栽培对山核桃人工林土壤真菌群落和酶活性的影响

为研究长期生草栽培对山核桃(Carya cathayensis)人工林土壤肥力、真菌群落和酶活性的影响,为其他人工林生态经营提供参考,在山核桃人工林地进行了为期10 a的定位试验.设计了油菜(BR)、紫云英(AS)和油菜+紫云英(BA)这3种生草栽培模式,并以清耕(CT)作为对照,测定了山核桃林地土壤养分、土壤真菌群落组成和多样性,及土壤碳、氮和磷循环酶的活性.结果表明：(1)长期生草栽培显著提高了土壤养分含量和可利用性,并不同程度提高了土壤pH(P<0.05).(2)长期生草栽培改变了土壤真菌群落组成,提高了土壤真菌群落中利用易降解有机物的子囊菌门的相对丰度,而抑制了分解顽固有机质的担子菌门的生长.土壤优势属发生改变,BR和BA有利于提高能够和植物形成互利共生结构的菌根真菌的相对丰度,AS有利于提高分解动植物残体的菌根真菌的相对丰度.冗余分析结果表明,土壤肥力因子中的pH、水解性氮、微生物量氮和水溶性碳,对土壤真菌群落的组成具有显著影响.(3)长期生草栽培提高了参与土壤碳和氮养分周转的蔗糖酶、β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶和蛋白酶的活性.除BA外,其他生草都降低了进行土...