TiO2 photocatalytic antifungal technique for crops diseases control

Introduction N um erous studies have utilized a strong oxidizing pow der of TiO 2 photocatalysts to degrade aqueous or gaseous toxic organic pollutants for w ater purification, w astew ater treatm ent and air pollution control (Fujishim a et al., 2001; K …     

稀土-重金属共污染土壤中真菌群落结构特征及主导影响因素

稀土元素已被列为新兴污染物,稀土元素经常与重金属在土壤中富集,造成生态危机.稀土污染的生态效应已逐渐受到关注,但忽视了稀土与重金属共存的协同效应.了解稀土和重金属共污染土壤中真菌群落结构及主导影响因素,有助于制定土壤修复策略,以减少或补救人类生产活动对环境的影响.目前,长期稀土和重金属污染对土壤真菌群落的影响尚不清楚.以包头稀土尾矿坝为研究区域,利用ITS1基因扩增子Illumina高通量测序分析稀土和重金属共污染土壤中真菌群落多样性和结构特征.结果表明,在共污染环境中,土壤环境变量的异质性决定了真菌群落在小范围内的分布,构成独特的生态位.污染土壤的真菌群落丰富度和多样性显著低于未污染土壤,且真菌群落组成差异明显.随机森林分析结果表明,TN是影响真菌群落丰富度和多样性的最主要因素,其次是稀土元素、重金属Zn和AK.CCA分析结果表明,重金属Zn是影响真菌群落结构的最关键因素.VPA分析结果显示,所检测环境变量能够解释土壤真菌群落变化93.3%的差异,土壤理化性质与污染因子（稀土和重金属）的综合效应解释了总差异的58.5%,二者单独解释的贡献度分别为13.5%和21%,污染因子的贡献度稍高于土壤理化性质;稀土和重金属的协同效应对总差异的贡献度为40.1%,各自的单独作用分别为21.8%和17.9%.因此,共污染环境中真菌群落结构和组成受土壤理化性质、稀土和重金属的共同调控,稀土和重金属的协同效应大于各自的单独作用,研究结果表明需要进一步加强土壤环境中稀土元素和重金属共污染的风险管控.     

菌渣与化肥配施对稻田土壤微生物群落组成及多样性的影响

菌渣是一种独特而丰富的有机物料,与化肥配施不仅能改良土壤质量还可以调控微生物群落.然而,土壤细菌和真菌对菌渣与化肥配施的响应是否一致仍不清楚.在水稻田间长期定位试验条件下,设置化肥水平(C)0%、 50%和100%,菌渣相对用量(F)0%、 50%和100%各3个水平,共9个处理,对土壤肥力与微生物群落的相关指标进行测定.结果表明,土壤全氮(TN)在C₀F₁₀₀处理中最高,碳氮比(C/N)、全磷(TP)、可溶性碳(DOC)和有效磷(AP)在C₁₀₀F₁₀₀处理中最高,土壤有机碳(SOC)、碱解氮(AN)、速效钾(AK)和pH在C₅₀F₁₀₀处理中最高,较对照分别增加了55.56%、 26.18%、 26.46%、 17.13%、 279.54%、 85.57%、 41.61%、 29.33%和4.62%.菌渣与化肥配施后,不同处理土壤细菌和真菌α-多样性存在显著变化,与对照C₀F₀处理相比较,各处理细菌β-多样性...     

半干旱-亚湿润干旱沙区樟子松根内真菌群落结构和功能时空动态特征

研究揭示呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松天然林和不同引种地(呼伦贝尔沙地、科尔沁沙地和毛乌素沙地)不同林龄(中龄林、近熟林和成熟林)人工林根内真菌群落结构和功能时空动态特征及其对环境变化(气候因子和土壤理化性质)的响应,阐明樟子松根内真菌生态功能及其与林木生长的互作关系.结果表明：(1)樟子松人工林根内真菌多样性指数均显著高于天然林(P<0.05),且毛乌素沙地人工林最高;樟子松根内真菌群落存在明显的地理分布,但林龄影响不存在显著差异(P>0.05).(2)与樟子松人工林相比,天然林外生菌根真菌比例更高(50.49%),主要包括Acephala、小菇属(Mycena)和乳牛肝菌属(Suillus);樟子松天然林主要指示菌种为Acephala,呼伦贝尔沙地人工林为肉齿菌属(Sarcodon),科尔沁沙地人工林为红菇属(Russula)和美口菌属(Calostoma),毛乌素沙地人工林为地孔菌属(Geopora)、Mallocybe和棉革菌属(Tomentella).(3)在樟子松天然林和人工林中,指示菌种主要受到有效氮、有效磷和林龄的影响,而与土壤含水量、 pH值和全氮含量相关的指示菌种数...     

非灭菌条件下白腐真菌在反应器中的形态特征变化

揭示白腐真菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)在反应器中的形态变化有助于了解白腐真菌反应器难以连续运行问题的本质. 在耦合臭氧单元的反应器对酸性蓝45连续降解的过程中,考察了非固定化和固定化菌丝系统中白腐真菌的形态特性变化. 结果表明,在接种量为1 700 mg/L的非固定化系统中,染菌量为7.1×105 CFU/mL,平均脱色率为19%;但菌丝球形态不稳定,运行8~12 d时出现破裂、菌丝脱落、内容物大量流失,污染微生物的生长加剧. 在固定化系统中,接种量为1 700 mg/L时,染菌量降至8.4×104 CFU/mL,平均脱色率升至22%;接种量为4 300 mg/L时,染菌量降至4.7×104 CFU/mL,平均脱色率达29%. 在固定化菌丝系统中,白腐真菌的形态相对稳定,但21 d后,其稳定性降低,也出现了菌丝脱落现象,这与菌丝球或固定化菌丝的内部菌丝老化和自溶有关,可以考虑通过设计新载体从生物膜的内部和外部同时供给营养物和氧气解决该问题.      

The biodegradation of blends of polycaprolactone and polyethylene exposed to a defined consortium of fungi

Polycaprolactone, polyethylene, and blends of polycaprolactone and polyethylene—in which the portion of polycaprolactone was 80 and 10%—were exposed for periods of from 1 to 16 weeks to a consortium of five fungi in a nutrient salt medium containing 0.8 mg/ml potato dextrose. After exposure the samples were cleaned, dried, and analyzed for weight loss, changes in their molecular weight distribution as determined by gel permeation chromatography, molecular changes as seen by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), and changes in tensile strength. Tensile strength of polycaprolactone began to decrease after 1 week of exposure, even though the molecular weight distribution showed no change. FT-IR spectra indicated a loss of amorphous polycaprolactone from the surface of samples.Certain commercial products ae identified in order to specify experimental procedures adequately. In no case does such identification imply endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology or that the material is necessarily the best available for the purpose.     

白腐菌漆酶催化聚合造纸废水中木素的研究

为了证实漆酶对从造纸厂二沉池出水提取出的木素的催化聚合作用,研究了白腐菌采绒革盖菌Coriolus versicolor漆酶对木素聚合的影响。在有氧条件下,通过添加漆酶和少量ABTS介体到水样中,用紫外分光光度计测定了其中木素浓度变化,利用凝胶色谱法分析了酶催化聚合木素前后的分子量的变化。结果表明:酶处理6h以后,废水中木素浓度从93.1mg/L下降到17.2mg/L。酶处理2h以后,从造纸厂污水分离的木素的分子量从31251上升到58610。造纸废水中木素及其衍生物被聚合后通过絮凝沉淀除去,从而实现废水色度与COD降低,进而为造纸废水回用提供可能。     

真菌滤塔启动及降解甲苯能力研究

生物法对于处理挥发性有机废气是一种经济和环境友好的处理工艺。研究在酸性条件下处理含甲苯气体,考察在不同进气浓度和入口负荷下真菌滤塔降解甲苯的能力。实验选用处理焦化废水的污泥作为真菌菌源,采用高浓度气态挂膜法,启动周期为12天,在pH=5的条件下运行2个月,以NO3--N为氮源能很好地去除高负荷甲苯气体,并且可以长期稳定高效运行。     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

铜尾矿白羊草重金属含量对叶际和根际真菌群落的影响

植物的叶际和根际微生物与宿主植物之间存在复杂的相互关系,能促进植物的生长,增强宿主植物对逆境胁迫的耐受性.本实验选择铜矿区主要恢复植被白羊草为研究对象,采用高通量测序的方法,分析白羊草叶际和根际真菌群落结构与多样性差异,探究白羊草叶片和根部富集的重金属含量对叶际和根际真菌群落特征的影响.结果表明,在白羊草的根际和叶际区域,子囊菌门（Ascomycota）和担子菌门（Basidiomycota）均为优势菌门.白羊草根际真菌群落的多样性和丰富度显著高于叶际真菌.白羊草植株叶际和根际真菌多样性受到不同重金属的影响,白羊草叶际多样性主要受到叶片Zn和Cu含量的影响,而根Pb含量是影响根际真菌群落多样性的关键因子.此外,叶际子囊菌门的孢菌科与叶片Cd含量有极显著正相关关系,根际丛赤壳科与根Zn含量显著正相关,可作为重金属污染区域生态恢复的指示菌种.本研究为铜尾矿生态恢复过程中发掘和利用叶际或根际真菌资源提供科学依据,也为筛选重金属污染区生态修复的植物-微生物共生体提供基础.