中国生态补偿的省域差异及影响因素分析

由于中国区域发展水平、生态资源本底等诸多因素的差异性,致使生态补偿实践工作也存在一定的地域差异。生态补偿的补偿类型、利益主体（谁补偿、补给谁）、补偿形式、补偿标准（补多少）及补偿方式与渠道等是其理论研究与实践工作的核心。中国生态补偿实践格局存在省域差异,在补偿类型上,涉及综合型、森林生态补偿、湿地生态补偿、垃圾处理生态补偿、流域生态补偿等各个方面,且省级差异较大;在补偿形式上,中央政府通过财政转移支付实施的生态补偿和省域政府对生态保护者的补偿是中国各省域生态补偿利益关系的两种主要形式;在补偿标准上,经济发展水平较高的北京、广东等省的补偿水平相对较高,而新疆、西藏、甘肃、贵州等经济相对落后地区的生态补偿标准较低;在补偿方式与渠道上,财政转移支付在各省普遍采用,赔偿金、资源价值费、资源税在各省得到不同程度的运用;在补偿利益主体上,“中央政府-地方政府、地方政府-农户”的生态补偿利益格局在全国各省均有,“企业-农户、企业-地方政府”作为补充。之所以在不同省域之间会存在生态补偿的差异性,这与国家的政策方针导向、面临的生态环境问题、生态资源禀赋及地域分布、生态环境保护的积极性、社会经济发展水平、公众对生态资源价值的认识、区域地理环境特征等因素密切相关。对于中国生态补偿的省域差异,既要认识到其存在的客观性,同时需要从政策、管理、公众参与等多方面采取措施加以管控与协调。     

Identification of pakchoi cultivars with low cadmium accumulation and soil factors that affect their cadmium uptake and translocation

The selection and use of low-Cd-accumulating cultivar （LCAC） has been proposed as one of the promising approaches in minimizing the entry of Cd in the human food chain. This study suggests a screening criterion of LCACs focusing on food safety. Pot culture and plot experiments were conducted to screen out LCACs from 35 pakchoi cultivars and to identify the crucial soil factors that affect Cd accumulation in LCACs. Results of the pot culture experiment showed that shoot Cd concentrations under the three Cd treatments significantly varied across cultivars. Two cultivars, Hualv 2 and Huajun 2, were identified as LCACs because their shoot Cd concentrations were lower than 0.2 mg. kg-1 under low Cd treatment and high Cd exposure did not affect the biomass of their shoots. The plot experiment further confirmed the consistency and genotypic stability of the low-Cd- accumulating traits of the two LCACs under various soil conditions. Results also showed that soil phosphorus availability was the most important soil factor in the Cd accumulation of pakchoi, which related negatively not only to Cd uptake by root but also to Cd translocation from root to shoot. The total Cd accumulation and translocation rates were lower in the LCACs than in the high-Cd cultivar, suggesting that Cd accumulation in different cultivars is associated with the Cd uptake by root as well as translocation from root to shoot. This study proves the feasibility of the application of the LCAC strategy in pakchoi cultivation to cope with Cd contamination in agricultural soils.     

水稻基因类型与生长环境对精米中砷积累的影响

砷(As)是动植物非必需的有毒类金属。水稻是对As有较强吸收和富集能力的大宗粮食作物,大米的食用是我国及东南亚地区人体暴露As的最主要途径,严重威胁人体健康。水稻籽粒中As的积累与水稻的基因型及众多环境因子密切相关,而且表现出复杂的交互作用。在浙江省选择了不同土壤砷背景值的5块水稻田,同时在嘉兴市农科院布置了人工添加As的盆栽实验,比较了20个水稻品种在这6个实验点的精米中As含量。结果表明,水稻基因型与环境及其相互作用对水稻籽粒中As的积累均有极显著影响,并且筛选得到了5个精米中As含量较低的基因型:秀水128、秀水09、秀水134、甬粳16和Y-05-8。     

东太湖水质污染特征研究

2008年8月至2009年7月研究了江苏东太湖网围养殖区、东茭咀、油车港等12个典型湖区的水环境特征,运用主成分分析法研究东太湖水质的空间异质性及主控因素.结果表明,东太湖水质在各区域存在显著差异,季节变化明显,主要表现为丰水期水质优于枯水期. 12个水质指标简化成2个主成分,主成分I代表水体的总磷、溶解性总磷和磷酸盐水平,是东太湖水域最主要的污染因子;主成分II主要反映水体的有机污染状况,叶绿素a和高锰酸盐指数的贡献率较大.利用主成分得分进行聚类分析,将12个采样点分为4类,北部由于受东山镇生活污水影响,各入湖河道口污染较为严重,特别是油车港;网围养殖区由于人工栽植的水草较为茂盛,水质较好,同东茭咀、太浦河口等水域的水质一样.     

5个腰果无性系株形研究初报

比较了5个腰果无性系株形之间的差异,分析了各株形性状之间及其与产量性状之间的相关性。结果表明：5个无性系之间的主干高度、主干直径、2级枝梢长度、3级枝梢直径、4级枝梢长度、4级枝梢直径均存在显著差异,1级枝梢长度、1级枝梢直径、2级枝梢直径以及3级枝梢长度之间的差异均不显著;5个无性系之间的结果枝叶片数量、叶片长度、叶片宽度、株高、结果枝条数、结果数以及株产量均存在显著差异,冠幅之间的差异不显著。5个无性系的2、3、4级枝梢直径以及主杆直径之间的相关性达显著或极显著水平;株高与2、3级枝梢直径以及主杆直径之间具有显著的相关性;1级枝梢长度与1级枝梢直径之间呈显著的负相关关系;叶片长度和宽度之间呈极显著的正相关关系。产量与结果枝条数、结果数以及冠幅之间呈显著或极显著的正相关关系。5个无性系中,HL2-21、FL30分别适宜作抗风固沙、水土保持的生态经济林优良树种。     

基于主体功能区划的环境政策框架设计

“十一五”时期,国家在区域协调发展上的新亮点就是创新的提出了“主体功能区”概念,主导这一战略决策的实施需要配套各类专项政策。针对环境问题尝试在主体功能区划条件下设计区域差异化的环境政策,整个政策框架遵循区域差异、综合协调、可操控和环境优先四个原则分区域构建,各区环境政策都沿着政策定位、政府作为和重点政策三条思路充分拓展,对于各项环境政策在不同主体功能区实施的力度也进行了详细描述。本政策框架将为深入研究环境政策和启发其他配套政策的研究思路提供一定的参考。     

Optimization of the recovery of plastics for recycling by density media separation cyclones

Material recovery processes are presented as the optimum option for recycling plastic wastes as a means of recovering hydrocarbon resources. There exist a large variety of automated material recovery processes for recycling of such wastes but each with significant limitations. Of these, the separation based on differences in densities is advocated as the optimum process either for producing recycled products or preparing wastes for subsequent recovery processing.Density separation processes based on cyclone type density media separation (DMS) is presented as an important, potential method for increasing plastics recycling process capacities. It is demonstrated to have the capacity to separate a significantly larger range of particle sizes than those presently processed industrially. The mathematical relationship for the prediction of quality of typical LARCODEMS type density media separations by particle size and density as expressed by the Ecart Probable is presented.A proposed device configuration is presented for density media separation to optimize the recovery and purity of both density fractions produced. It is also suggested that to be economically viable, a large scale of operation is required for industrial plastics recycling operations recovering and producing a number of different plastics with a purity to be used as a substitute for virgin material.     

开车前安全审核（PSSR）的理解及运用

PSSR是基于对安全要求不断提高,对过程安全控制不断完善的目标下发展和建立起来的,其目的在于判定新改扩建项目及停运再投运的设备能否安全启动,是国外大多数高危行业过程管理中的一个必须的要素。本文通过对独石化公司1000万吨/年炼油及120万吨/年乙烯改扩建工程项目成功实施开车前安全审核（PSSR）进行总结,阐明了与以往开工前竣工验收的区别,运用中应注意的问题,以及成功实施PSSR的因素。为今后的其它新改扩建项目的顺利开工提供参考。     

环渤海地区海洋经济发展及地域空间差异分析

环渤海地区海洋资源丰富,地区经济的发展壮大在很大程度上依赖于对海洋资源的开发利用.概述了环渤海地区海洋经济的发展现状,应用区域空间差异的定量分析方法与模型(标准方差、加权变差系数、集中化指数、最小方差法等)分析了环渤海四海市主要海洋产业的空间集聚与扩散程度,总结出它们发展海洋经济的民同,提出了促进环渤海地区海洋经济发展的建议.     

17份腰果种质萌生特征比较

对17份腰果种质进行截干处理,测定截干后萌生新梢的总数、长度、直径和叶片数,分析不同腰果种质萌生能力之间的差异,同时对植株大小与萌生能力之间的相关性以及新梢各性状之间的相关性进行分析。试验结果表明：不同腰果种质的萌生能力有差异,在新梢总数、长度、直径和叶片数上均存在不同程度的差异;植株的萌生能力与截干前冠幅以及被截一级枝条直径大小有关,新梢长度、直径、叶片数、新梢总数与截干前植株冠幅和被截一级枝条直径之间均呈极显著的正相关关系;新梢总数、长度、直径、叶片数等性状中,除新梢总数与新梢叶片数之间的相关性不显著外,其余各性状彼此间的相关性均达极显著水平。