富砷地热废水排放的水环境效应——以西藏羊八井热田为例

西藏羊八井热田是我国目前唯一用于地热发电的高温热田,地热电厂产生的高砷废水直接排入了藏布曲(河)——热田内最主要的地表水体。通过地热废水、藏布曲(河)河水、羊八井河水和藏布曲南溪水的砷含量的对比,阐明了地热废水排放与其他水体汇入对藏布曲河水砷含量变化的影响。地热废水中的砷在排入藏布曲后受到了河水稀释作用与河床沉积物吸附作用的影响。计算了藏布曲不同河段内砷的综合衰减系数,并与河床沉积物对砷的吸附分配系数进行了对比,发现二者的拟合曲线符合指数关系。这表明随着河床沉积物吸附作用的加强,河水中砷的天然衰减将相应呈指数形式增加。     

中国地热资源特点与发展对策

地热能是一种绿色低碳、可循环利用的可再生能源。中国地热资源丰富,以中低温资源为主,高温地热资源主要受中国地质构造特点及其在全球构造中所处部位的控制,主要集中在藏南-川西-滇西和台湾两个地区。但是,中国地热产业处在起步阶段,资源开发利用程度低,地热资源的利用绝大部分以直接利用为主,地热发电明显落后。针对中国地热资源开发利用存在的问题,提出了5 条促进地热产业发展的对策建议:建立国家级地热产业核心技术研发平台;尽快启动干热岩勘查开发利用示范工程建设;制订优惠扶持政策,推动地热产业步入快速发展轨道;积极推广地热尾水回灌技术,切实保护环境;尽快出台全国性的地热资源管理法规,以推动中国地热资源开发利用的法制化管理。     

重庆地下热水径流特征研究

重庆地下热水资源丰富,但对其径流特征缺乏研究,盲目开采致使许多温泉泉流量减小、水温降低,甚至断流、枯竭。为指导地下热水的科学开采,文章对重庆地下热水的常规化学组分及同位素组分特征进行了研究,分析了地下热水补给、径流条件,指出大气降水为其补给源,补给区在重庆以北大巴山及华莹山背斜华莹山和铜锣峡背斜北端的岩溶露头区,嘉陵江组(T1j)为其储水层,地下热水主要沿背斜T1j地层由北往南流,同一背斜地下热水由北到南为一个统一的热水系统。     

Comparison of the energetic performance of a binary cycle and a flash evaporation binary cycle,using low-enthalpy geothermal energy

In this article, the comparison of the energetic performance of a binary cycle and a modified binary cycle with flash evaporation is presented, both using a low-enthalpy geothermal resource. The comparative analysis is based on two main discourses: the first one evaluates a conventional binary cycle (CBC) with isopentane as working fluid in order to validate and compare the generated data with those reported in similar studies; the second one uses the same input parameters for both cycles, obtaining the cases in which the modified binary cycle is the most viable choice to use. In addition to the above, several aspects are considered when selecting the most suitable working fluid, and the use of water as working fluid is introduced. When the temperature of the geothermal resource is below 140 °C, and the ambient temperature is 25 °C, the flash evaporation binary cycle, using water as working fluid, shows an improved performance compared to a CBC, with a theoretical output over 1000 kWe. This may encourage new areas of opportunity for power generation, not only with low- and medium-enthalpy geothermal energy, but also with other renewable energy sources such as solar.     

Grey relational analysis of an integrated cascade utilization system of geothermal water

With the drastic decrease in fossil resources and rapid deterioration of the global environment, the utilization of geothermal resources has been strongly advocated. The combination of heat, power, and cold utility generation is commonly used to increase the utilization efficiency of geothermal resources. In this study, an integrated cascade utilization system of waste geothermal water (ICUWGW) from a flash geothermal power plant in China is established to increase the utilization efficiency of geothermal water. The waste geothermal water leaving the power plant is proposed for further use in cascade for two-stage LiBr/H₂O absorption cooling, agricultural product drying, and residential bathing. Twelve candidate temperature schemes showing different inlet and outlet temperatures of every subsystem are proposed for the ICUWGW. Several criteria are selected for the evaluation and screening of the candidate schemes. Grey relational analysis incorporating analytic hierarchy process is conducted to screen the optimal temperature scheme for the ICUWGW to meet the comprehensive criteria of thermodynamics and economics. Results show that the optimal scheme features significant improvement in energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, and equivalent electricity generation efficiency compared with those of the current geothermal power plant. The investment payback time of the additional subsystems for cooling, drying, and bathing is 1.85 years. Exergy analysis is also conducted to determine the further optimization potential of the optimal ICUWGW. Sensitivity analysis of electricity price on the performance of the optimal ICUWGW is also performed.     

THE PRODUCTION OF WATER FROM GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIRS: SOME ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS1

ABSTRACT: Liquid dominated geothermal systems are expected to account for most of the growth in geothermal energy production in the coming decades. Production of water from such systems could significantly augment fresh water supplies. The feasibility of water exploitation is clouded by potential problems related to seismic impacts, land subsidence and the composition of geothermal brines. If these problems can be overcome at little cost, desalination of brines may be feasible. Estimates of water production costs are presented for a variety of desalination technologies, plant sizes and brine water compositions. These estimates show that production costs will range from $139.10/A.F. to $436.00/A.F. at the plant boundary. Economies of scale and brine composition are important determinants of cost. Production costs are substantially in excess of the value of water in alternative uses. However, in certain unique situations, it may be efficient to desalt brines for use in upgrading the quality of municipal water, industrial process water and irrigation water. Unique situations aside, geothermal brines are not likely to provide an economical source of fresh water in the absence of striking changes in the patterns of supply and demand for water.     

LEGAL AND POLICY ASPECTS OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT1

Deep within the earth there exist immense reservoirs of energy in the form of heat-commonly referred to as geothermal resources. Unfortunately, most of these resources are at such depths that it is unlikely they will be recoverable in the foreseeable future. Nevertheless, the lure of seemingly inexhaustible amounts of relatively clean energy continues to hold a fascination for man. In certain limited situations man has already been able to tap these reservoirs and harness the energy to his own uses. More of this activity can be expected in the future. While geothermal energy will chiefly be used to produce electric power, persons responsible for water resources management must concern themselves with geothermal resources for water, and water law concepts will continue to play an important role in the development of this resource.     

西藏地热系统的稀碱金属特征及开发利用潜力

西藏地热系统中发现地热流体稀碱金属含量的世界最高值以及喜马拉雅地热带最大水热系统羊八井地热田的稀碱金属测定,为研究全球唯一陆壳相聚超厚地壳上喜马拉雅地热带的特殊热源机制提供了令人信服的地球化学依据。羊八井电厂热排水回收稀碱金属也为综合利用地热流体,消除环境污染,提高电厂经济效益创造了不可多得的机遇和方案选择。     

秦皇岛地区地热资源开发利用方向

在研究大量地热地质资料的基础上,发现秦皇岛地区存在以断裂构造活动为主要特征的地下热水,区内地下热水的赋存受区域构造、断裂活动、盖层等因素的影响。根据地热资源分布及热储特征,提出秦皇岛地区地热资源开发利用可优先考虑的方向:抚宁县温泉堡、北戴河机场、卢龙县刘田各庄乡赵官庄、黄金海岸及北戴河新城七里海团组。     

油田产出水型地热资源利用探讨——以大庆油田为例

地热是一种清洁的可再生能源,随着传统能源的日益枯竭和人类对环境保护的意识增强,进入中高含水期后的油田在油气生产中携带的大量热能受到了人们的重视。论文以松辽盆地北部的大庆油田为例,根据含油气沉积盆地中地下赋存的载体不同将地热资源分为纯地下水型和油田产出水型地热资源两种。通过分析热源的形成机制,调查油田产出水型地热资源的利用现状,统计出大庆油田年油田产出水量为3.98×10⁸ m³,按照利用10 ℃温差的热能计算,相当于56.95×10⁴ t标准煤的能量,潜力十分巨大,并比较了油田产出水型地热资源热泵供暖与传统锅炉供暖的设备成本和运行费用,以15 a为周期稳定运行可以节约572×10⁴元,经济效益也较为可观,而且地热资源清洁、环保、可循环利用,在油田实际生产中可广泛应用于生活设施等建筑的供暖,以及原油集输伴热等流程中。