A Regional Perspective on the Diversity and Conservation of Tropical Andean Fishes

Abstract: The tropical Andes harbor an extraordinarily varied concentration of species in a landscape under increasing pressure from human activities. Conservation of the region's native plants and animals has received considerable international attention, but the focus has been on terrestrial biota. The conservation of freshwater fauna, particularly the conservation of fishes, has not been emphasized. Tropical Andean fishes are among the most understudied vertebrates in the world. We estimate that between 400 and 600 fish species inhabit the diverse aquatic environments in the region. Nearly 40% of these species are endemic. Tropical Andean fishes are vulnerable to ongoing environmental changes related to deforestation, water withdrawals, water pollution, species introductions, and hydropower development. Additionally, their distributions and population dynamics may be affected by hydrologic alterations and warmer water temperatures associated with projected climate change. Presently, at least three species are considered extinct, some populations are endangered, and some species are likely to decline or disappear. The long‐term persistence of tropical Andean fishes will depend on greater consideration of freshwater systems in regional conservation initiatives.     

阿哈水库沉积物-水界面磷、铁、硫高分辨率空间分布特征

选取贵州典型高原亚深水型湖库阿哈水库为研究对象,利用薄膜扩散梯度技术获取夏季分层期不同湖区沉积物-水界面磷、铁、硫的原位、二维高分辨分布信息,并结合水化学及沉积物磷形态分析,探讨了沉积物P-Fe-S分布规律及控制因素.结果表明:沉积物-水界面DGT-P的浓度变化范围0.00~0.43 mg·L~(-1),DGT-Fe的浓度变化范围0.00~2.83 mg·L~(-1),DGT-S的浓度变化范围0.00~0.10 mg·L~(-1).阿哈水库沉积物孔隙水磷、铁、硫浓度在垂向分布上没有显著的相关性,DGT-P、DGT-Fe甚至还呈反向变化,这与很多湖泊的研究结果存在明显差异,其原因可能是阿哈水库沉积物具有很高的Fe/P和Fe/S比值,过剩的Fe导致还原态S以FeS/FeS_2形式沉淀后,P仍然被Fe(Ⅲ)固定在沉积物中.阿哈水库沉积物磷形态以Na OH-SRP和BD-P为主,Na OH-SRP含量变化范围为192~604 mg·kg~(-1),平均值约为392 mg·kg~(-1),BD-P含量变化范围为143~524mg·kg~(-1),平均值约为225 mg·kg~(-1).阿哈水库底层水体长期处于厌氧环境,Fe、S地球化学循环对沉积物内源磷释放起着重要控制作用.     

基于DGT技术的黄河上游典型水库沉积物氮磷释放与污染源解析

针对黄河上游河库连通背景下水库的污染源解析不足的问题,基于薄膜梯度扩散和高分辨率孔隙水采样,分析了黄河上游典型水库——沈家河水库的污染特征和扩散通量.结果表明,清水河入库口水质为劣Ⅴ类,沉积物为重度污染状态.各点位上覆水可溶性磷酸盐（SRP）平均值低于孔隙水,表明沉积物SRP因浓度梯度向上扩散.各点位DGT-P与DGT-Fe的相关性及沉积物-水界面浓度差存在空间异质性,1号的沉积物DGT-P释放受Fe-P还原释放主导,2号的表层沉积物DGT-P释放能力较差,3号的表层沉积物DGT-P的释放能力较强,可根据释放机制采取不同治理措施.沉积物-水界面附近1号（4～8 mm）、 2号（8～20 mm）和3号（-8～8 mm）发生NH⁺₄-N浓度减小和NO^-₃-N浓度增加的现象.沉积物释放导致的TP、 TN和NH⁺₄-N负荷增加量分别占总量的100%、 78.3%和56.5%,表明沉积物释放是负荷的主要来源,但是清水河输入对氮的影响不可忽略.结果为黄河上游水库污染源...     

电缆细菌对沉积物-水界面磷、铁、硫分布影响的室内模拟研究

电缆细菌的存在会改变沉积物-水界面的氧化还原环境,进而影响沉积物-水系统中磷、铁、硫的迁移转化过程.本研究选取存在电缆细菌的原位南沙河沉积物-水系统为研究对象,在暗处15℃下培养30 d,利用薄膜扩散梯度（DGT）技术获取了活性磷、活性硫和活性铁的2 mm分辨率剖面分布特征,并结合原位荧光杂交技术确定了电缆细菌的密度.结果表明：随着沉积深度的增加,间隙水活性磷、活性铁和活性硫均呈现出先增加后减小再趋于稳定的趋势,均值分别为0.743～1.017 mg·L^-1、0.383～0.954 mg·L^-1和0.033～0.141 mg·L^-1,且均有向上覆水释放的趋势.随着培养时间的延长,0～1 cm间隙水中活性磷含量呈先减小后增加的趋势,在第10 d达到最小,均值为0.604 mg·L^-1,1 cm以下间隙水中活性磷含量呈现逐渐增加的趋势,在第30 d达到最大,均值为1.090 mg·L^-1.0～10 cm间隙水中活性铁和活性硫含量呈现先增加后减小的趋势,在第10 d达到最大,均值分别...     

Connectivity Planning to Address Climate Change

As the climate changes, human land use may impede species from tracking areas with suitable climates. Maintaining connectivity between areas of different temperatures could allow organisms to move along temperature gradients and allow species to continue to occupy the same temperature space as the climate warms. We used a coarse‐filter approach to identify broad corridors for movement between areas where human influence is low while simultaneously routing the corridors along present‐day spatial gradients of temperature. We modified a cost–distance algorithm to model these corridors and tested the model with data on current land‐use and climate patterns in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The resulting maps identified a network of patches and corridors across which species may move as climates change. The corridors are likely to be robust to uncertainty in the magnitude and direction of future climate change because they are derived from gradients and land‐use patterns. The assumptions we applied in our model simplified the stability of temperature gradients and species responses to climate change and land use, but the model is flexible enough to be tailored to specific regions by incorporating other climate variables or movement costs. When used at appropriate resolutions, our approach may be of value to local, regional, and continental conservation initiatives seeking to promote species movements in a changing climate. Planificación de Conectividad para Atender el Cambio Climático     

River Habitat Quality from River Velocities Measured Using Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler

Prior research has demonstrated the utility of metrics based on spatial velocity gradients to characterize and describe stream habitat, with higher gradients generally indicative of higher levels of physical heterogeneity and thus habitat quality. However, detailed velocity data needed to compute these metrics are difficult to obtain. Acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCP) may be used to rapidly collect detailed representations of river velocity fields. Herein we demonstrate use of ADCP to obtain ecologically relevant data and compute associated metrics. Data were collected from four reaches of the Little Tallahatchie River in northern Mississippi. Sampled reaches were selected to observe velocity regimes associated with three distinctly different conditions: downstream from a major flow obstruction (a low weir), downstream from the apices of each of two bends, and within an extremely long, straight reach created by channelization. Three-dimensional velocity data sets from each site were used to compute metrics of habitat quality proposed by others. A habitat metric based on the presence of rotational flow in the vertical plane proved to be the best discriminator among conditions within the sampled reaches. Two of four habitat quality metrics computed from these measured velocities were greatest for the sharpest meander bend. ADCP hold great potential for study of riverine physical aquatic habitats, particularly at the reach scale. Additional work is needed to develop generally applicable field protocols and data reduction tools. Specifically, guidelines for ADCP settings and configuration appropriate for a range of riverine site conditions must be developed. Advances in instrumentation are needed to allow collection of information in closer proximity to the free surface and solid boundaries.     

STEPPED WEIR ON AN ANISOTROPIC DRAINED STRATUM OF FINITE DEPTH1

Using Schwarz-Christoffel transformation, an analysis is presented for finding the pressure distribution and exit gradients for a weir on an anisotropic drained stratum.     

Investigation of potential interferences on the measurement of dissolved reactive phosphate using zirconium oxide-based DGT technique

A diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique based on hydrous zirconium oxide (Zr-oxide) has been recently developed for the measurement of dissolved reactive phosphate (DRP). In this study, the detailed performance of the DGT technique is reported. Spiking experiments revealed that several orthophosphate monoester compounds contributed to the Zr-oxide DGT measurements of DRP. However, such a phenomenon is unlikely to occur during field conditions due to the low concentration of organic P in typical natural waters. The presence of Cl- (up to 106 g/L), SO42- (up to 16 g/L), HCO3- (up to 817 g/L), and AsO2- and AsO 3 4 (both up to 1 mg As/L) in solutions had negligible effects on the measurement of DRP. The threshold concentrations of Cl-, SO42- and HCO3- have been increased from previous reports for the measurements of DRP using other adsorbent-based DGT techniques. The capacity for DGT measurements of DRP decreased with increasing solution pH (4.2-9.2). The lowest capacity (95 μg P/m2 at pH 9.2) was still greater than that of other DGT techniques that are usually used for the measurement of DRP (2-12 μg P/cm2 ). The Zr-oxide binding gel could be stored for up to 2 years without any aging effect. This period of validity was considerably longer than the ferrihydrite binding gel that is commonly used in present DGT devices (6 months). The field application revealed that the concentrations of DRP measured in three fresh water samples using the Zr-oxide DGT technique were in agreement with those of the traditional colorimetric method.     

湖泊疏浚对沉积物再悬浮及磷迁移影响的模拟研究

选择太湖梅梁湾污染沉积物为研究对象,选取夏季和冬季两个典型季节,进行室内模拟试验研究了湖泊疏浚对沉积物再悬浮及磷迁移的影响.结果表明,研究区模拟疏浚20 cm能够有效地抑制沉积物发生再悬浮,冬季疏浚比夏季疏浚抑制效果更好,在扰动过程中夏季未疏浚对照和疏浚水柱总悬浮物(TSS)最大含量分别为初始值的7.0和2.2倍;而冬季未疏浚对照和疏浚水柱分别为24.3和6.4倍.统计分析发现,夏、冬两季模拟试验未疏浚对照和疏浚水柱中总磷(TP)、磷酸盐(PO34--P)含量都与TSS含量变化呈现显著正相关(P<0.05),表明风浪扰动造成大量沉积物再悬浮,并伴随内源磷的释放是水柱中TP和磷酸盐的主要来源.夏季模拟试验疏浚对水柱中TP和磷酸盐负荷控制效果略差,冬季模拟试验疏浚水柱中TP和磷酸盐含量都显著(P<0.01)低于未疏浚对照.利用薄膜扩散梯度(DGT)技术研究了夏季疏浚沉积物-水界面上间隙水中溶解态活性磷(DRP)垂向分布,未疏浚水土界面中间隙水DRP扩散层厚度大于疏浚样,但疏浚样间隙水DRP在水土界面的离子浓度势能大于未疏浚对照样,表明底泥疏浚可以有效地降低疏浚区间隙水中DRP潜在的释放风险,但水动力作用下短期内可能会导致疏浚间隙水中DRP释放.对于太湖这样的大型浅水湖泊,确定最佳的疏浚时令、疏浚深度及疏浚范围至关重要.