The socioeconomic and environmental drivers of the COVID-19 pandemic: A review

In recent decades, there has been an intensification of the socioeconomic and environmental drivers of pandemics, including ecosystem conversion, meat consumption, urbanization, and connectivity among cities and countries. This paper reviews how these four systemic drivers help explain the dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic and other recent emerging infectious diseases, and the policies that can be adopted to mitigate their risks. Land-use change and meat consumption increase the likelihood of pathogen spillover from animals to people. The risk that such zoonotic outbreaks will then spread to become pandemics is magnified by growing urban populations and the networks of trade and travel within and among countries. Zoonotic spillover can be mitigated through habitat protection and restrictions on the wildlife trade. Containing infectious disease spread requires a high degree of coordination among institutions across geographic jurisdictions and economic sectors, all backed by international investment and cooperation.     

西安BC、PM2.5与气温协同对心脑血管疾病死亡的影响

利用西安市2014~2015年BC、PM_2.5和气温及心脑血管疾病每日死亡人数等资料,基于时间序列的广义相加模型中的主效应模型、非参数二元响应模型和温度分层模型对其进行研究.结果表明,BC、PM_2.5对心脑血管疾病死亡人数的影响存在滞后效应,最佳滞后时间下,BC、PM_2.5浓度每增加1个IQR（BC：5.31μg/m³,PM_2.5：40.30μg/m³）,心脑血管疾病每日死亡人数ER（95% CI）分别为3.53%（95% CI：1.86,5.23）、2.01%（95% CI：1.06,2.97）.气温与心脑血管疾病每日死亡人数的暴露反应关系呈“V”型分布特征,最适温度为26℃.低温和高污染物浓度对心脑血管疾病的影响存在协同放大效应,当气温低于26℃时,BC对人群健康风险比PM_2.5更大.对于心脑血管疾病而言,不同人群的易感程度不同,女性群体对BC、PM_2.5暴露更为敏感.当BC、PM_2.5同时纳入其它一种或几种气态污染物时,对ER值无较大影响.BC仅占PM_2.5浓度的一小部分,但健康影响不容忽视,BC可作为评估大气污染物健康风险的重要空气质量指标.     

历史时期黄河流域城市空间格局演变与影响因素

研究历史时期黄河流域城市的空间格局演变,能够更好地理解人居环境的特点和发展脉络,对当今黄河流域生态保护、城镇发展有重要的现实价值。采用哈佛大学CHGIS数据库中城市时间序列数据,以及历史人口数据、流域和高程数据,通过实证分析,梳理黄河流域城市时空格局演变过程与影响因素。研究发现：（1）城市数量变化可划分为五个阶段。（2）一级延续稳定区,以今安阳为中心的河南北部城市高密集区和以今西安为中心的关中城市高密集区;以今济南、太原、洛阳为中心的次高密集区。二级延续稳定区分为五条重要的城市带,即渭河城市带、汾河城市带、鲁中山地北麓城市带、太行山东麓城市带及运河城市带。（3）城市重心迁移的平均距离为32 km,人口重心迁移的平均距离为95.78 km,城市和人口的分布有着较密切的联系。（4）气温、降水、高程、与河流的距离、黄河下游河道的变迁等自然因素,以及战争、都城转移和人工运河等人文因素共同影响了历史时期黄河流域城市的时空格局。     

Association of emergency room visits for respiratory diseases with sources of ambient PM2.5

Previous studies have reported associations of short-term exposure to different sources of ambient fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)) and increased mortality or hospitalizations for respiratory diseases. Few studies, however, have focused on the short-term effects of source-specific PM_(2.5) on emergency room visits(ERVs) of respiratory diseases. Source apportionment for PM_(2.5) was performed with Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF) and generalized additive model was applied to estimate associations between source-specific PM_(2.5) and respiratory disease ERVs. The association of PM_(2.5) and total respiratory ERVs was found on lag4(RR = 1.011, 95%CI: 1.002, 1.020) per interquartile range(76 μg/m~3) increase.We found PM_(2.5) to be significantly associated with asthma, bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) ERVs, with the strongest effects on lag5(RR = 1.072,95%CI: 1.024, 1.119), lag4(RR = 1.104, 95%CI: 1.032, 1.176) and lag3(RR = 1.091, 95%CI: 1.047,1.135), respectively. The estimated effects of PM_(2.5) changed little after adjusting for different air pollutants. Six primary PM_(2.5) sources were identified using PMF analysis, including dust/soil(6.7%), industry emission(4.5%), secondary aerosols(30.3%), metal processing(3.2%),coal combustion(37.5%) and traffic-related source(17.8%). Some of the sources were identified to have effects on ERVs of total respiratory diseases(dust/soil, secondary aerosols, metal processing, coal combustion and traffic-related source), bronchitis ERVs(dust/soil) and COPD ERVs(traffic-related source, industry emission and secondary aerosols). Different sources of PM_(2.5) contribute to increased risk of respiratory ERVs to different extents, which may provide potential implications for the decision making of air quality related policies, rational emission control and public health welfare.     

Web GIS信息系统对在南京考古遗址中的地理环境影响研究

考古文献是历史地理研究中一个重要的数据来源,在互联网时代对纸质文本进行数字化并根据考古遗址的时空特点建立信息系统,具有重要的意义.针对考古遗址的空间位置不明确,考古遗址信息系统注重空间特性但缺乏对原始文献的重视,基于WebGIS、关系型数据库技术以及MVC系统架构,设计并实现了南京考古遗址信息系统.从考古文献中提取考古遗址各种属性信息,构建考古遗址时空数据库,基于WebGIS信息系统发布南京考古遗址,实现考古遗址的时空可视化以及各个遗址点相关文献的原文阅读.提出了一种将考古遗址信息从单一的文本展示到融合时空信息的多维信息展示的技术流程,并为研究南京的历史地理学者提供了便捷的考古遗址资料共享平台.     

Predicting the economic costs and property value losses attributed to sudden oak death damage in California (2010-2020)

Phytophthora ramorum, cause of sudden oak death, is a quarantined, non-native, invasive forest pathogen resulting in substantial mortality in coastal live oak (Quercus agrifolia) and several other related tree species on the Pacific Coast of the United States. We estimate the discounted cost of oak treatment, removal, and replacement on developed land in California communities using simulations of P. ramorum spread and infection risk over the next decade (2010-2020). An estimated 734 thousand oak trees occur on developed land in communities in the analysis area. The simulations predict an expanding sudden oak death (SOD) infestation that will likely encompass most of northwestern California and warrant treatment, removal, and replacement of more than 10 thousand oak trees with discounted cost of $7.5 million. In addition, we estimate the discounted property losses to single family homes of $135 million. Expanding the land base to include developed land outside as well as inside communities doubles the estimates of the number of oak trees killed and the associated costs and losses. The predicted costs and property value losses are substantial, but many of the damages in urban areas (e.g. potential losses from increased fire and safety risks of the dead trees and the loss of ecosystem service values) are not included.     

基于高山湖泊沉积记录的贵州北部大气重金属污染历史重建

大气重金属污染是全球面临的主要环境问题之一,受监测资料的局限,目前我国在大气重金属污染的历史过程及其对偏远地区地表环境的影响方面的研究还较为薄弱.通过对贵州北部梵净山顶沉积物中金属元素含量和Pb同位素的分析,研究了近400年来Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn等大气污染的历史过程.公元约1800年之前,沉积物中金属元素含量较为稳定; 1800年以来,Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn等含量总体呈先增加后降低的趋势;而Cd、Hg和Pb含量逐渐增加.富集系数与207Pb/206Pb结果表明,Cd、Pb和Hg是典型的大气污染元素; Hg污染开始于公元1880年前后,Cd和Pb污染开始于20世纪50年代,近年来污染程度均逐渐加重.沉积记录反映的贵州北部梵净山地区目前大气Hg污染水平与我国东部其他远离人类活动直接影响的地区相当,但远高于欧美及青藏高原等地区;不同地区间Cd与Pb污染水平具有较大的差异.梵净山地区大气Hg污染可能受到全球和区域污染排放的共同影响,Cd和Pb污染主要来自于区域有色金属冶炼及燃煤等释放.     

雪冰中持久性有机污染物的研究进展

雪冰是温带和极地生态系统中最重要的环境组份,它们不仅影响了能量平衡和水循环,而且也能直接影响当地、区域以及全球环境范围内的化学行为。降雪能很有效地从大气中清除颗粒和气相的POPs。本文简要介绍了雪冰环境中持久性有机污染物研究的科学意义,着重综述了POPs在极地和高海拔地区雪冰中的环境化学行为和雪冰中POPs的历史环境记录,并讨论了雪冰中POPs浓度的不确定性。持久性有机污染物从大气到冰川的过程并不容易理解,半挥发性有机化合物在沉积后的浓度存在不确定性。有机物沉积在积雪中后,随着积雪的老化和变形,它们能够随着融水迁移或者又挥发到大气中。全文最后对未来雪冰中POPs的研究需要进行了展望,并提出四点今后需加强研究的内容。由于青藏高原位于人类居住的低纬度高海拔地区,可能在POPs全球输送过程中起到重要的作用,今后需加强青藏高原地区雪冰中持久性有机污染物的研究;有机污染物在雪冰中主要是通过光化学反应进行转化,雪冰中有机污染物的光化学反应机理研究必须引起重视;随着雪冰样品前处理和分析测试技术的提高,将会推动雪冰中痕量POPs的环境变化记录研究的发展;通过建立模型模拟预算和评价POPs在积雪中的物理化学行为,也可以利用模型模拟POPs在老雪中的命运,确定其在融水中成比例蒸发和渗浸的速率。     

某热电厂氨法烟气脱硫装置职业危害因调查

通过对某热电厂氨法烟气脱硫装置生产过程中职业病危害因素调查,找出职业病危害的关键控制点,并提出防护要求。     

基于历史记录的赤潮灾害危险性区划方法的构建与应用

利用福建省近岸海域1959—2018年的赤潮历史记录数据资料,在地理信息系统(Geographical Information System,GIS)平台下采用核密度估计函数(kernel density estimation)对赤潮历史记录数据中的赤潮发生频次、赤潮发生持续时间、赤潮面积和赤潮藻类毒性等参数进行了空间...