某工业园区VOCs臭氧生成潜势及优控物种

臭氧(O3)污染日趋严重,控制光化学反应前体物之一的挥发性有机污染物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)对减少臭氧生成有重要意义.为研究天津某工业园区VOCs臭氧生成潜势,采集了园区6个代表企业厂界气体样品,使用质子转移反应飞行时间质谱仪(PTR-TOF-MS)对VOCs进行了定量分析,估算了各企业臭氧生成潜势,运用VOCs/NO_x研究了臭氧生成控制敏感性因素,并在熵值法基础上筛选出了减少臭氧生成优先控制VOCs物种.结果表明,通过PEC法估算臭氧生成F企业最高为0.423 3 mg·m~(-3),MIR法估算结果 C企业最高为1.573 3 mg·m~(-3);PEC法估算结果与臭氧浓度更接近,适用于园区对臭氧生成的估算;VOCs和NOx均为工业园区臭氧生成敏感性因素,需同时控制;园区内VOCs物种臭氧生成贡献大小为烷烃烯炔烃醇类芳香烃,优先控制物种为正庚烷及其同分异构体、正壬烷、正辛烷及其同分异构体、正十一烷、戊烷、正癸烷、甲醇.     

某石油化工园区秋季VOCs污染特征及来源解析

利用快速连续在线自动监测系统对某典型石油化工园区2014年秋季(9、10、11月)大气中VOCs进行监测,并对其组成、光化学反应活性、时间变化特征和来源进行解析.结果表明:秋季大气中VOCs的混合体积分数明显高于国内外其他城市和工业地区,且烷烃是大气中VOCs的最主要成分.研究区秋季3个月份大气中VOCs的混合体积分数之间差异不显著,但各种烃类的日夜变化特征明显:烷烃、烯烃和芳香烃呈现"单峰单谷"变化趋势,乙炔的变化趋势呈"W"型.PMF受体模型解析结果表明主要来源于天然气交通及溶剂、炼油厂的泄漏或挥发等过程,其次为其他交通来源,沥青对于研究区VOCs来源也有一定的贡献.等效丙烯体积和最大臭氧生成潜势对VOCs的光化学反应活性计算结果表明,烯烃和烷烃分别是各自混合体积分数的最主要的贡献者.     

2021年夏季新乡市城区臭氧超标日污染特征及敏感性

基于2021年6～8月新乡市市委党校站点观测的挥发性有机物(VOCs)、常规空气污染物和气象参数,采用基于观测的模型(OBM)对臭氧(O₃)超标日的O₃敏感性和前体物的管控策略进行了研究.结果发现,O₃超标日呈现高温、低湿和低压的气象特征.在臭氧超标日,O₃及其前体物的浓度均有上升.臭氧超标日的VOCs最高浓度组分为含氧挥发性有机物(OVOCs)和烷烃,臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和·OH反应性最大的VOCs组分为OVOCs.通过相对增量反应性(RIR)分析,新乡6月O₃超标日臭氧生成处于VOCs控制区,7月和8月处于VOCs和氮氧化物(NO_x)协同控制区,臭氧生成对烯烃和OVOCs最为敏感.6月各前体物的RIR值在一天中会发生变化,但始终保持为VOCs控制区;7月和8月在上午为VOCs控制区,中午为协同控制区,下午分别为协同控制区和NO_x控制区.通过模拟不同前体物削减情景,结果表明削减VOCs始终有利于管控臭氧,而削减NO_x     

江苏省农村土地征用与收益分配研究

本文立足江苏省的土地征用和土地收益分配现实，指出目前存在“圈地”现象严重、征地补偿过低、失地农民未来生活无保障等问题。从政府、制度、城市建设三个层面探讨了问题产生的根源，并提出了提高土地补偿标准、建立失地农民保障体系、广开就业门路、健全法律体系等改革措施。     

高职旅游管理专业课程教学方法初探

高职旅游管理专业教学改革的方向是:采用启发式教学,推动参与式教学,引进模拟教学,加强电化教学和把有实践经验的旅游专业人员请进课堂教学.     

职业高等教育法律专业的培养目标与专业课程设置初探

文章认为职业高等教育法律专业应根据自身特色规划培养目标和专业课程，尤其是从理论讲授、实际操作与社会实践三个方面对专业课程的设置作了较为深入的探讨.     

纳米镍/铁和铜/铁双金属对四氯乙烯脱氯研究

以实验室合成的纳米双金属颗粒(Ni/Fe和Cu/Fe)为反应材料,对四氯乙烯(PCE)进行脱氯试验研究.纳米金属颗粒(直径范围在1～100nm)比表面积比微米级铁颗粒高数十倍.结果表明,纳米Ni/Fe和Cu/Fe对四氯乙烯有明显的脱氯作用,且脱氯反应符合准一级反应动力学方程;在作为还原剂的铁表面镀上一薄层起催化作用的金属Ni或Cu,催化剂的存在大大降低脱氯反应活化能,提高了脱氯速率,并减少氯代副产物的产量.与零价铁及微米级双金属系统(Ni/Fe,Cu/Fe)相比,纳米颗粒对PCE的脱氯速率有明显提高,尤其是纳米Ni/Fe,标准化反应速率常数KSA为4.283 mL·m-2·h-1,分别比零价铁和微米级Ni/Fe系统快33.23倍和11.59倍.纳米Cu/Fe标准化反应速率常数KSA为1.194 mL·m-2·h-1,分别比零价铁和微米级Cu/Fe双金属系统快9.26倍和5.24倍.在相同条件下,纳米Ni/Fe脱氯速率常数KSA是纳米Cu/Fe的3.59倍.     

Effect of low-molecular weight organic acids on phosphorus release and phytoavailabilty of phosphorus in phosphate rocks added to soils

Phosphorus (P) is critically needed to improve soil fertility in many parts of the world. The use of water-soluble P fertilizers, e.g., single super-phosphate and triple super-phosphate in developing countries to improve crop production has been limited primarily by their high cost. The presence of indigenous phosphate deposits in some countries provides an incentive for direct application or local chemical treatment at low cost to improve the solubility of low reactive phosphate rocks (PRs). The use of naturally occurring low-molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) that are produced in soil as microbial metabolites or plant exudates from dead or living cells represents a new perspective in PR research. The LMWOAs contain various functional groups that may play a significant role in PR dissolution. Little information is available, however, about the potential of LMWOAs in releasing P from PRs. This study reports P release from 12 PRs, four each of low, medium, and high reactivity, obtained from various deposits (Kodjari, Tahoua, North Carolina, Gafsa, Khouribga, Tilemsi Valley, Central Florida, Sechura, Minjingu, North Florida, Hahotoe, and Parc W) using nine LMWOAs containing mono-, di-, and tri-carboxylic groups and a mineral acid (H₂SO₄). Laboratory studies showed that the organic acids are effective in releasing P from low and medium reactive PRs, but very ineffective in releasing P from high reactive PRs. The average amounts of P released by all the organic acids from the three types of PRs were 65.5 mmol kg⁻¹ PR from the low reactive PRs, 55.1 mmol kg⁻¹ from the medium, and 11.1 mmol kg⁻¹ from the high; those released from across all the PRs were 21.9 by the mono-carboxylic acid group, 54.2 by the di-carboxylic acid group, and 57.0 mmol P kg⁻¹ by the tri-carboxylic acid group. The P released was negatively correlated with the equilibrium pH, but positively correlated with Ca released from the PRs. Laboratory incubation studies on the release of P from PRs added to soils with or without organic acids and incubated at 25 °C for 15, 30, and 45 days showed that the percentage of plant-available P released varied considerably from 0.95 in the Kodjari PR to 40.1% in the North Carolina PR and was related to PR reactivity. A greenhouse study with corn (Zea mays L.) grown for 60 days on soils treated with PRs or with PRs mixed with organic acids showed that corn response to addition of oxalic or citric acid varied with P rates and PR sources, suggesting that organic acids have potential as amendments for increasing plant-available P in PR-treated soils.     

中加高等环境教育比较研究

通过对加拿大大学有关环境专业的教育层次、专业配置和课程设置的分析，并与我国的高等环境教育现状相比，得出了以下结论：环境科学类专业在加拿大高校中设置频度比我国高；从分布特征和培养层次上看，加拿大高校中环境类专业与我国类似，偏工程和综合性，且都以本科—硕士—博士三个层次为主体；从培养方式上看，加拿大高等环境教育与我国在这方面的差异较大，许多经验值得我们借鉴．     

Observation and analysis of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in a typical petrochemical area in Yangtze River Delta, China

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a kind of important precursors for ozone photochemical formation. In this study, VOCs were measured from November 5th, 2013 to January 6th, 2014 at the Second Jinshan Industrial Area, Shanghai, China. The results showed that the measured VOCs were dominated by alkanes (41.8%), followed by aromatics (20.1%), alkenes (17.9%), and halo-hydrocarbons (12.5%). The daily trend of the VOC concentration showed a bimodal feature due to the rush-hour traffic in the morning and at nightfall. Based on the VOC concentration, a receptor model of Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) coupled with the information related to VOC sources was applied to identify the major VOC emissions. The result showed five major VOC sources: solvent use and industrial processes were responsible for about 30% of the ambient VOCs, followed by rubber chemical industrial emissions (23%), refinery and petrochemical industrial emissions (21%), fuel evaporations (13%) and vehicular emissions (13%). The contribution of generalized industrial emissions was about 74% and significantly higher than that made by vehicle exhaust. Using a propylene-equivalent method, alkenes displayed the highest concentration, followed by aromatics and alkanes. Based on a maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) method, the average hourly ozone formation potential (OFP) of VOCs is 220.49?ppbv. The most significant source for ozone chemical formation was identified to be rubber chemical industrial emissions, following one by vehicular emission. The data shown herein may provide useful information to develop effective VOC pollution control strategies in industrialized area.