中美高等环境类专业设置比较研究

对美国高等环境类专业设置现状进行了初步调查和统计分析，并与我国高等环境类专业设置状况进行比较研究．研究表明，高等环境类专业设置存在一定的差异性，而且显示出美国高等环境类专业设置具有某些明显特点，主要表现在：专业设置种类数量多、面广且多元化；人文社会科学型专业的比例较大；设置了培养环境教育师资人才的专业；环境健康领域在专业设置中得到了高度重视；“综合型”人才培养目标在专业设置中更为突出．这些特点可以为我国高等环境类专业设置的改革和调整以及高等环境教育发展决策提供参考依据．     

中国高等环境教育发展战略建议

改革我国高等环境教育是实施可持续发展战略的迫切要求．对于我国高等环境教育的改革和发展提出如下发展战略建议：在高等学校迅速提高环境意识是迎接２１世纪的紧迫任务；环境类专业应加强综合性研究与教学；强化环境类专业中人文与社会科学的内容；修改专业基本培养规格和教学基本要求、改进教学方法；挖掘潜力、满足环境保护人才的需求；高校环境类教师队伍知识更新亟待加强；建立国家环境教育基金．     

中美高等环境类专业课程结构和教学实施比较研究

以美国５所大学为代表，调查和分析了其环境类专业的课程结构和教学实施的基本状况，并与我国进行了比较研究．研究表明课程结构和教学实施存在明显差别，其主要表现在以下９个方面：本科生专业培养目标；素质教育课程的设置；课程体系结构和学分制；培养解决环境问题能力的课程设置；及时反映新观点和新理论的课程；人文科学和社会科学类课程设置；环境政策课程；资源课程和专业教学方式．比较研究认为，上述９个方面可作为我国修订环境类本科生专业基本培养规格和基本教学要求的借鉴．同时还提供某些具有参考价值的课程设置实例．     

中国高等环境教育发展的重大战略与建议

中国高等环境教育落后于发达国家．在考察国外环境教育和考虑到中国高等环境教育现状的基础上，提出今后中国高等环境教育应注重培养“复合型”人才，不断完善学科体系建设和专业设置，加强师资队伍建设，积极编写和引进教材以及开展国际合作与交流等方面的战略与建议．     

高职学院经济学课程教学探究

在我国高等职业学院经济管理类专业中,经济学课程是其专业基础课程。我国高等职业学院设置经济学课程的目的在于引导高职学生掌握经济学的基本原理,培养高职学生在日常生活和实际工作中能够熟练运用经济学原理分析经济问题、继之妥善解决经济问题的能力。相对于普通高等教育而言,我国高等职业学院更注重培养实践能力强、综合素质高的学生。我国高等职业学院在具体的教育教学过程中,合理设置课程,强化职业能力的综合性培养,有效地达成了上述教育教学目标。     

中国高等环境教育办学情况与特征分析

在深入调查研究，分析调研资料的基础上，对中国高等环境教育的办学特征进行了研究．研究表明，中国高等环境教育的专业设置以污染控制和生态保护类为主体，符合我国国情；专业点的地域分布基本适应了发达地区经济的发展；拥有一支实力强的师资队伍和一定的实验装备条件，取得了人才培养和科研的丰硕成果；中国高等环境教育的办学过程和发展对中国高等教育提出了新的要求，丰富了中国高等教育的学科内涵．同时指出了有关存在的问题．     

如何培养新一代环保人才

中国环境管理干部学院是一所以培养环境保护专业人才为主的高等学府,是我国最早开展环境教育的高校之一,是河北省人民政府和环境保护部共建院校.学院的专业构成以环境类专业为主,同时也包括非环境类专业.学院始终坚持"人才培养与环境教育并重,科学知识与环境素质兼修"的理念,依托环境教育品牌优势,实施大学生绿色人文素质教育工程,逐步形成了与环境专业相融合的绿色校园文化.     

我国防灾减灾领域学科发展及其专业设置——从学位管理制度谈起

我国高校在防灾减灾类人才培养中存在一些现实困境,如:灾害学的学科地位较低、防灾减灾类学科及专业设置不灵活、学校管理制度及其相关条例的约束等。从我国学位管理制度谈起,通过比较分析国内外高校专业设置与交叉学科发展情况,探讨我国防灾减灾领域学科发展及专业设置对防灾减灾人才培养造成的影响,并提出三点建议:一是加大我国学位管理制度的改革,确保落实高校办学自主权;二是对灾害科学的研究走向系统化、社会化,发展国内高等学校防灾减灾类专业本科教育;三是防灾减灾类专业课程设置从横向和纵向上都要体现综合和交叉的学科属性。     

环境教育何时由“游击队”成为“正规军”

如果说先行国家的环境教育是“正规军”，目前我国的环境教育则是无专门教材、无专业教师、无课程设置的“游击队”。环境保护是一项系统工程，需要几代人的不懈努力。环保意识的培养必须从中小学生抓起，让环境教育早日走进课堂，使孩子们从小就养成保护环境的良好习惯。环境教育的重要性不言而喻。但是，目前我们中小学生的环境教育处在边缘学科位置，与日益严峻的环境形势和社会发展的要求极不相称。我们的环境教育方式多半属于渗透、粘贴或寓教于乐的状态，环境教育更多地停留在一种“课外活动”的层次上，而教育内容又都与人们普遍关心…     

关于环境教育的思考

目前，我国专业环境教育毕业生供需基本平衡，但有专业设置过繁之弊；中小学环境教育处实验阶段，尚未普及；社会环境教育滞后则多由经济和文化落后所致。必须针对存在问题，借鉴国外成功经验，办好中国的环境教育。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.