汉江流域水土流失特点及防治对策

汉江流域水土流失长期以来基本上没有得到有效控制，目前已成为区域经济建设和开发中的重大障碍之一。详细地阐述和分析了流域内水土流失发生规律和特点，指出了其潜在危险。随着治理的进一步深入、水土流失治理难度也在明显加大。介绍了若干项切实可行的防治措施。     

Longitudinal‐Vertical Hydrodynamic and Turbidity Simulations for Prediction of Dam Reconstruction Effects in Asian Monsoon Area1

Abstract: This research investigates possible impacts of enlarged water body according to dam reconstruction on the hydrodynamics and water quality of the reservoir using a laterally averaged, two‐dimensional hydrodynamic and transport model, CE‐QUAL‐W2. The lake was formed by the artificial dam in 1983 for agricultural water supply and is currently under consideration of reconstruction so as to expand the volume of reservoir for flood control as well as water supply in downstream areas. To calibrate and validate the model, field‐collected data were compared with model predictions for water level fluctuations and water temperature during the years of 2001 (from January to December) and 2003 (from March to November). The model results showed a good agreement with field measurements both in calibration and verification. Utilizing the model, impacts of dam reconstruction on the thermal hydrodynamics and turbid current were predicted. From the model results, dam reconstruction limited the depth of thermal stratification below 10 meter and formed steep temperature gradient between epilimnion and hypolimnion. The restricted thermal stratification persisted up to the end of September. This result indicated that thermal stratification would become stronger during summer and stay longer after dam reconstruction. In addition, the restricted thermal stratification caused vertical circulation of water mixing lower than 10 meter and isolated the upper water layer from the lower water layer which increased the volume of hypolimnetic water with low temperature. The vertical circulation near the surface also mitigated propagation of density plume within the depth of 10 m which would remain the hypolimnetic water clean.     

三峡水库不同支流库湾蓄水期溶解氧分层特性及差异性

以三峡水库典型支流库湾小江和香溪河为例,通过2020年蓄水期不同阶段的野外监测,对比分析了两条支流库湾的水动力过程、热分层、溶解氧时空差异及其对蓄水过程的响应.结果表明：（1）蓄水初期,小江库湾表层受大气复氧和浮游植物影响溶解氧较高(7.00～13.00 mg·L^-1,其氧跃层出现在水深3～5 m处,5 m以下水域出现大面积缺氧(DO<2.00 mg·L^-1),甚至无氧现象.香溪河库湾溶解氧在垂向上大致可以分为3层：表层富氧水体(8.00～12.00 mg·L^-1)、中层水体(6.00～8.00 mg·L^-1)和底层低氧水体(4.00～6.00 mg·L^-1).（2）稳定的热分层为底层厌氧的形成提供了稳定的物理环境,而小江上游来流以及消落带植被分解增加了水体有机质的含量,可能是造成小江水体耗氧量增大、形成厌氧的内因;而香溪河因为长期存在的顺坡异重流补给,底层水体缺氧的风险较低.（3）持续的跟踪监测发现水库蓄水对支流库湾溶解氧起到了显著的补给作用,促使小江库湾厌氧现象在短期...     

典型城市内河菌群组成与氮循环功能垂向分布及溯源分析

微生物在城市河流氮循环中发挥重要作用.由于河流的三维流动性,有必要明晰河流微生物组成和氮循环功能的垂向分布以及水动力因子对微生物来源和群落构建的影响.基于16S rRNA高通量测序技术,研究了北运河北京通州段水体和沉积物的细菌群落组成和氮循环功能,解析了环境要素和水动力因子对群落结构的影响,并对河流细菌进行了溯源.结果表明,沉积物细菌α多样性显著高于水体;从组成上来看,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)丰度最高,在水体和沉积物中的相对丰度分别为54.72%和32.36%. PICRUSt2功能解析表明,北运河有丰富的氮代谢功能,共获得47个氮代谢基因.水体和沉积物表现出相似的功能分布：反硝化作用、氮的同化和异化还原作用相关基因丰度较高,生物固氮和硝化作用相对较低.溯源分析表明,水体细菌来自上游、两岸和沉积物的比例分别为60.05%、37.93%和1.05%,而沉积物细菌来自上游、两岸和上覆水的比例分别为50.16%、45.55%和1.55%,细菌主要通过纵向和横向运移影响当地微生物群落的组成.环境因子、水动力因子和两者相互作用对水体细菌群落变化的解释率分别为44.22%、3.21...     

INFLUENCE OF BATHYMETRIC CHANGES ON HYDRODYNAMICS AND SALT INTRUSION IN ESTUARINE SYSTEM1

ABSTRACT: A vertical (laterally integrated) two‐dimensional numerical model has been applied to study the hydrodynamic characteristics and salt water intrusion in the Tanshui River estuarine system. The cross‐sectional profiles measured in 1978 and 1994 are schematized for model simulations. Detailed model calibration and verification have been conducted with water surface elevations, tidal current, salinity distributions, and residual velocities measured. The overall performance of the model is in qualitative agreement with the available field data. The model was then used to study how hydrodynamics and salt water intrusion change in response to changes in bathymetry. The model simulations indicate that more tidal energy propagates into the estuarine system in 1994 because of the substantial increase in river cross‐sections. The limits of salt intrusion in 1994 extended farther inland than those in 1978. On the other hand, the extent of mangrove wetland in the lower estuary has increased over the past 20 years and is likely a result of the increased salinity in the estuary.     

白洋淀不同水体氢氧同位素特征及其指示意义

为深入认识白洋淀湿地水文循环过程,于2020年开展大气降雨、河水、湖水和地下水样品采集和测试,揭示了不同水体氢氧稳定同位素特征及其对蒸发、水动力条件、地表水和地下水交互作用的指示意义.结果表明,白洋淀不同水体氢氧同位素特征差异较大,δD和δ18O均值存在如下关系:6月湖水＞10月湖水＞上层地下水＞河水＞中层地下水＞下层...     

Hydraulics Near Unscreened Diversion Pipes in Open Channels: Large Flume Experiments

Most of the water diversions on the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers (California, United States) and their tributaries are currently unscreened. These unscreened diversions are commonly used for irrigation and are potentially harmful to migrating and resident fishes. A large flume (test section: 18.29 m long, 3.05 m wide and 3.20 m high) was used to investigate the hydraulic fields near an unscreened water diversion under ecologically and hydraulically relevant diversion rates and channel flow characteristics. We investigated all combinations of three diversion rates (0.28, 0.42, and 0.57 m³/s) and three sweeping velocities (0.15, 0.38, and 0.61 m/s), with one additional test at 0.71 m³/s and 0.15 m/s. We measured the three‐dimensional velocity field at seven cross sections near a diversion pipe and constructed regression equations of the observed maximum velocities near the pipe. Because the velocity components in three directions (longitudinal, transverse, and vertical) were significantly greater near the diversion pipe inlet compared with those farther from it, they cannot be neglected in the modeling and design of fish guidance and protection devices for diversion pipes. Our results should be of great value in quantifying the hydraulic fields that are formed around fish guidance devices to design more effective protection for fishes from entrainment into unscreened water‐diversion pipes.     

一体化A/O移动床生物膜反应器中DO、TN分布及脱氮效果研究

采用一体化A/O移动床生物膜法工艺,以模拟生活污水研究了该工艺的除碳脱氮效果,并对一体化移动床生物膜反应器的好氧区和缺氧区各纵向断面的COD、DO、NH₃-N、TN、NO^-₃-N和NO^-₂-N进行了检测,通过对缺氧区各断面的DO和TN浓度分布情况,分析了脱氮的产生过程。试验结果表明: 在水力停留时间HRT＝12 h,好氧区DO保持5 mg/L左右,COD进水浓度处于250～400 mg/L时,COD的去除率均在90%以上,且出水COD均在40 mg/L以下;TN进水浓度为20～50 mg/L时,NH₃-N去除率高于90%,其出水浓度可达到5 mg/L以下,脱氮效率也较高,TN去除率可达到65%～85%。COD和NH₃-N的浓度分布状况表明该一体化A/O移动床生物膜反应器的流态趋于全混式。