臭氧氧化水中壬基酚的反应机理研究

采用臭氧氧化浓度为20 mg/L的壬基酚溶液,研究了臭氧氧化去除壬基酚的效果及氧化过程中中间产物的变化情况,探讨了臭氧氧化壬基酚的反应机理.结果表明,臭氧氧化涉及2种氧化方式,臭氧分子的单独反应和臭氧/羟基自由基的联合氧化.2种氧化方式在18 min内均能完全去除壬基酚,联合氧化方式在4 min内即能达到96％的去除率,而单独臭氧分子氧化需要12 min.氧化过程中检测到甲醛的产生,单独臭氧氧化下甲醛产生量在8 min左右达到稳定,而混合氧化方式下甲醛量逐步增加.     

巢湖沉积物δ13Corg和δ15N记录的生态环境演化过程

通过对巢湖2处柱状沉积物样品中δ¹³C_org、δ　¹⁵N、C/N比值、TOC和TN含量的测定,分析了近百年来巢湖沉积物有机质的来源,探讨受人类活动影响的湖泊生产力变化和富营养化过程.结果表明,巢湖沉积物有机质的主要来源是水生藻类,陆生有机质的输入量较少,但是城市污染物的输入与农业面源污染的影响是不可忽视的.巢湖沉积物剖面上,δ¹³C_org、δ¹⁵N、TOC和TN含量变化按沉积深度可以明显划分为2个阶段：①10 cm以下,H3点δ¹³C_org波动在-21.74‰～-19.34‰的范围内,其余数据表现相对平缓,湖泊内的生物物种是固氮植物和非固氮植物共存,2个采样点具有不同的湖泊营养化进程;②10 cm至表层段,2个剖面的δ¹³C_org迅速减小,δ¹⁵N、TOC和TN则是显著增大,巢湖闸的建成使得内源营养物质快速积累,湖泊初始生产力水平迅速提高,富营养化加剧.     

Gaseous elemental mercury concentration in atmosphere at urban and remote sites in China

An investigation of gaseous elemental mercury concentration in atmosphere was conducted at Beijing and Guangzhou urban, Yangtze Delta regional sites and China Global Atmosphere Watch Baseline Observatory (CGAWBO) in Mt. Waliguan of remote continental area of China. High temporal resolved data were obtained using automated mercury analyzer RA-915 . Results showed that the overall hourly mean Hg0 concentrations in Mt. Waliguan were 1.7± 1.1 ng/m3 in summer and 0.6±0.08 ng/m3 in winter. The concentration in Yangtze Delta regional site was 5.4±4.1 ng/m3, which was much higher than those in Waliguan continental background area and also higher than that found in North America and Europe rural areas. In Beijing urban area the overall hourly mean Hg0 concentrations were 8.3±3.6 ng/m3 in winter, 6.5±5.2 ng/m3 in spring, 4.9±3.3 ng/m3 in summer, and 6.7±3.5 ng/m3 in autumn, respectively, and the concentration was 13.5±7.1 ng/m3 in Guangzhou site. The mean concentration reached the lowest value at 14:00 and the highest at 02:00 or 20:00 in all monitoring campaigns in Beijing and Guangzhou urban areas, which contrasted with the results measured in Yangtze Delta regional site and Mt. Waliguan. The features of concentration and diurnal variation of Hg0 in Beijing and Guangzhou implied the importance of local anthropogenic sources in contributing to the high Hg0 concentration in urban areas of China. Contrary seasonal variation patterns of Hg0 concentration were found between urban and remote sites. In Beijing the highest Hg0concentration was in winter and the lowest in summer, while in Mt. Waliguan the Hg0 concentration in summer was higher than that in winter. These indicated that different processes and factors controlled Hg0 concentration in urban, regional and remote areas.     

Decolorization of Blue CL-BR dye by AOPs using bleach wastewater as source of H2O2

This research was focused on the investigation of the efficacy of advanced oxidation processes (Fenton,ozonation and UV/H_2O_2) for decolorization of reactive azo dye (Blue CL-BR) using bleach wastewater as possible source of H_2O_2.All the experiments were performed on the laboratory scale set-up.The results showed that colour removal efficiencies by UV or bleach (H_2O_2) alone were not so efficient.Fenton process with bleach wastewater was found to be the most effective at process conditions such as pH of 3 and H_2O_2/Fe~(2 ) ratio of 24:1,resulting in 64% colour removal.Almost complete colour removal,i.e.,99% and 95% were achieved by UV/H_2O_2 and UVfoleach wastewater in 30 and 60 min,respectively.Ozonation proved an efficient method for decolorization of Blue CL-BR dye at alkaline pH.It was possible to achieve 98% colour removal with 30 min of ozonation at pH 9.The colour removal of dye was found to follow first order kinetics.     

Activated carbons derived from oil palm empty-fruit bunches： Application to environmental problems

Activated carbons derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches （EFB） were investigated to find the suitability of its application for removal of phenol in aqueous solution through adsorption process, Two types of activation namely; thermal activation at 300, 500 and 800℃and physical activation at 150℃ （boiling treatment） were used for the production of the activated carbons. A control （untreated EFB） was used to compare the adsorption capacity of the activated carbons produced from these processes. The results indicated that the activated carbon derived at the temperature of 800℃ showed maximum absorption capacity in the aqueous solution of phenol. Batch adsorption studies showed an equilibrium time of 6 h for the activated carbon at 800℃. It was observed that the adsorption capacity was higher at lower values of pH （2-3） and higher value of initial concentration of phenol （200-300 mg/L）. The equilibrium data fitted better with the Freundlich adsorption isotherm compared to the Langmuir. Kinetic studies of phenol adsorption onto activated carbons were also studied to evaluate the adsorption rate. The estimated cost for production of activated carbon from EFB was shown in lower price （USD 0.50/kg of activated carbon） compared the activated carbon from other sources and processes.     

青藏高原冰川雪坑中离子浓度的区域特征及来源分析

研究了青藏高原古仁河口冰川、小冬克玛底冰川和玉珠峰冰川中的离子浓度特征. 使用离子色谱对这3条冰川雪坑中的样品进行了分析,并运用相关分析法探讨了离子的主要来源. 结果表明,Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Na⁺、Cl^-和SO^2-₄的浓度从古仁河口冰川、小冬克玛底冰川到玉珠峰冰川依次升高,即从高原南部到北部依次升高. 反映了从青藏高原的南部到北部,陆源物质成分所占比重越来越大的特征. 玉珠峰冰川中Cl^-、Na⁺和SO^2-₄浓度比古仁河口冰川和小冬克玛底冰川高几倍,可能是由于玉珠峰冰川北侧柴达木盆地盐湖的蒸发及盐类矿物风化的结果. NO^-₃、K⁺ 和NH⁺₄的来源比较复杂,对环境的指示意义不够显著.     

关中地区人为源大气污染物排放清单研究

首次以关中地区为研究对象,通过收集各排放源的活动水平数据,选取国内外研究中的排放因子,采用排放因子法“自上而下”建立了2011年关中地区人为源大气污染物排放清单.结果表明:2011年关中地区人为源SO2、NOx、CO、PM10、VOCs、NH3的排放量分别为400.254×103 t、342.412×103 t、2 731.302×103 t、573.193×103 t、350.523×1 03 t、323.312×103t.其中渭南是SO2、NOx、CO的主要排放城市,西安是VOCs的主要排放城市,咸阳是NH3的主要排放城市,咸阳、铜川同为PM10的主要排放城市;SO2、NOx、CO的主要排放源为工业用煤炭燃烧,VOCs的主要排放源为炼焦、涂料等工业生产过程,PM10的主要排放源为农田秸秆燃烧,NH3的主要排放源为农业化肥施用.清单的不确定性来自活动水平数据的不完善及排放因子缺乏本地特征两方面.为提高清单的可信度,将研究结果与其他排放清单进行比较,结果表明差异度较小.     

高效产H_2O_2气体扩散电极的研究

采用C/PTFE气体扩散电极在无隔膜体系中进行H2O2发生工艺研究,探讨了石墨和Vulcan XC-72碳黑两种碳材料以及电解电压、p H值对该反应过程的影响.结果表明,在较低的空气流量(1.41 cm3·min-1·cm-2)下,以Vulcan XC-72碳黑为表面的气体扩散电极相比石墨电极有较高的H2O2产率和电流效率,碱性条件比酸性条件下H2O2产率和电流效率更好;在2.6 V恒定电压下,2 h后,H2O2浓度达到了250 mg·L-1,电流效率从69.8%降到44.7%,单位产量能耗从5.87 k Wh·kg-1升高到9.16 k Wh·kg-1.     

广东省人为源大气污染物排放清单及特征研究

本研究根据收集的广东省人为源活动水平数据,采用合理的估算方法、排放因子和GIS技术,建立了该地区2010年3 km×3 km人为源大气污染物排放清单.结果显示,2010年广东省SO2、NOx、CO、PM10、PM2.5、BC、OC、VOCs和NH3排放总量分别为867.8×103、1607.0×103、7476.0×103、1397.6×103、633.2×103、50.5×103、98.3×103、1436.5×103和578.3×103t.固定燃烧源是SO2和NOx的最大排放贡献源,CO排放主要来自道路移动源、固定燃烧源和生物质燃烧源,扬尘源和工业过程源是主要的PM10和PM2.5排放源,生物质燃烧源是最大的BC和OC贡献源,VOCs排放主要来自有机溶剂使用源、道路移动源和工业过程源,NH3排放主要来源于畜禽养殖和氮肥施用.东莞、佛山和广州是主要的SO2、NOx、CO和VOCs排放城市,广州、清远和梅州是最主要的PM10和PM2.5排放城市,BC排放集中在广州、深圳、东莞、佛山等珠三角城市,OC的重要排放城市为湛江和茂名,NH3排放主要分布在茂名、湛江和肇庆.空间分布结果显示,广东省NH3排放高值区分布在粤西和粤东地区,其他污染物排放高值区则主要分布在珠三角城市群.本研究建立的排放源清单仍具有一定的不确定性,建议后续研究加强大气污染源排放的基础研究,进一步完善该地区的排放源清单,以期为区域大气污染预报预警和污染控制措施的制定提供重要基础数据.     

天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川气溶胶可溶性离子观测与分析研究

基于2003年、2004年和2007年3年内共采集的155个气溶胶样品的分析测试,探讨了天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川区气溶胶中可溶性离子的组成及年际变化特征,并对其可能来源进行了分析.结果表明,气溶胶可溶性离子平均浓度为2.759μg·m-3,化学组成以NO-3、SO2-4、Ca2+和CO2-3为主,冰川区大气环境呈碱性.可溶性离子总质量浓度年际变化特征为2007年2004年2003年,主要离子组成没有发生明显变化,但单一离子浓度变化不尽相同,其原因主要与沙尘活动的强弱有关.Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、CO2-3和Cl-主要可能来自陆源矿物,而NO-3和NH+4很大程度上以人为源为主;并且发现,SO2-4和K+可能同时受陆地源与人类活动来源的影响.通过气团轨迹聚类分析得出,冰川区大气主要受来自西南方、西方及西北方3个方向气团的控制,这些气团均经过伊犁河谷或阿拉山口到达冰川区,其中,在距地面2000 m以下高度传输的气团会带来大量的沙尘物质,影响冰川区大气环境.