硝基苯、苯胺在湿地土壤不同有机组分中的吸附特征

应用平衡法研究了湿地土壤不同有机组分对硝基苯和苯胺的吸附行为.结果表明,吸附等温线经拟合后均符合Freundlich模型,可决系数分别为R2=0.983～0.997,R2=0.963～0.991(P<0.01,n=5),土壤不同有机组分对硝基苯和苯胺的吸附表现为非线性特征,其吸附过程与有机质含量和结构有关.硝基苯和苯胺在湿地土壤中的吸附主要受腐殖酸、易氧化有机质组分和脂类化合物的影响,其中腐殖酸对硝基苯和苯胺具有最大的吸附容量;脂类化合物表现为与硝基苯、苯胺竞争土壤有机质结构中的吸附位点,去除脂类化合物后残余物的吸附量增大;矿物组分对硝基苯和苯胺的吸附是次要的,吸附容量仅为2.31mg·kg-1和3.63mg·kg-1.硝基苯和苯胺的Koc值分别按如下顺序增加:碱提取残余物<原始土<过氧化氢氧化残余物<苯/甲醇提取残余物,原始土<苯/甲醇提取残余物<过氧化氢氧化残余物<碱提取残余物.     

Volatile organic compound emissions from straw-amended agricultural soils and their relations to bacterial communities: A laboratory study

A laboratory study was conducted to investigate volatile organic compound(VOC) emissions from agricultural soil amended with wheat straw and their associations with bacterial communities for a period of 66 days under non-flooded and flooded conditions. The results indicated that ethene, propene, ethanol, i-propanol, 2-butanol, acetaldehyde, acetone,2-butanone, 2-pentanone and acetophenone were the 10 most abundant VOCs, making up over 90% of the total VOCs released under the two water conditions. The mean emission of total VOCs from the amended soils under the non-flooded condition(5924 ng C/(kg·hr)) was significantly higher than that under the flooded condition(2211 ng C/(kg·hr)). One "peak emission window" appeared at days 0–44 or 4–44, and over 95% of the VOC emissions occurred during the first month under the two water conditions. Bacterial community analysis using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) showed that a relative increase of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and γ-Proteobacteria but a relative decrease of Acidobacteria with time were observed after straw amendments under the two water conditions. Cluster analysis revealed that the soil bacterial communities changed greatly with incubation time, which was in line with the variation of the VOC emissions over the experimental period. Most of the above top 10 VOCs correlated positively with the predominant bacterial species of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia but correlated negatively with the dominant bacterial species of Actinobacteria under the two water conditions. These results suggested that bacterial communities might play an important role in VOC emissions from straw-amended agricultural soils.     

泉州市表层土中多环芳烃的含量、来源及其生态风险评价

采集了泉州市不同功能区的33个表层土壤（0～10 cm）样品,利用超高效液相色谱系统（UPLC）-荧光检测器法,研究了土壤中15种优控多环芳烃的含量和分布特征,并利用比值法、因子分析和多元线性回归法对其来源进行了分析,以及采用苯并（a）芘的毒性当量浓度（TEQBaP）评价了土壤中PAHs的生态风险.结果表明,土壤中15...     

酸化土壤中铝及其植物毒性

本文综述了(1)影响土壤酸化的因素和铝的活化过程;(2)铝对植物的毒害症状,植物对铝的相对抗性以及铝的形态与植物毒性的关系;(3)影响铝毒性的外界因素如磷、钙和有机质;(4)铝的毒性机理,铝可能作用于生物膜、钙调素、DNA和ATP。最后提出了一些铝质土壤的改良措施。     

A meta-analysis of heavy metals pollution in farmland and urban soils in China over the past 20 years

A total of 713 research papers about field monitor experiments of heavy metals in farmland and urban soils in China, published from 2000 to 2019, were obtained. A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the level of China's heavy metal pollution in soils, mainly focusing on eight heavy metals. It was found that the average concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As) in China were 0.19, 30.74, 85.86, 25.81, 0.074, 67.37, 27.77 and 8.89 mg/kg, respectively. Compared with the background value (0.097 mg/kg), the Cd content showed a twofold (0.19 mg/kg) rise in farmland soils and a threefold (0.29 mg/kg) rise in urban soils. The decreasing order of the mean I_geo was Cd (1.77) > Pb (0.62) > Zn (0.60) > Cu (0.58) > Hg (0.57) > Cr (0.54) > Ni (0.47) > As (0.28). Nearly 33.54% and 44.65% of sites in farmland and urban soils were polluted with Cd. The average concentrations of eight heavy metals were not sensitive change in recent two decades in farmland and urban soils. The average P_n values for urban (2.52) and farmland (2.15) soils showed that heavy metal pollution in urban soils was more serious than that in farmland, and the middle Yangtze River regions, where industrial activity dominates, were the most polluted. The meta-analysis comprehensively evaluated the current pollution situation of soil heavy metal, and provided important basis for soil management and environment prevention in China.     

Solubility and Potential Mobility of Heavy Metals in Two Contaminated Urban Soils from Stockholm,Sweden

The solubility and potential mobility of heavy metals (Cd, Cu,Hg, Pb and Zn) in two urban soils were studied by sequential andleaching extractions (rainwater). Compared to rural (arable) soils on similar parent material, the urban soils were highlycontaminated with Hg and Pb and to a lesser extent also with Cd,Cu and Zn. Metal concentrations in rainwater leachates were related to sequential extractions and metal levels reported fromStockholm groundwater. Cadmium and Zn in the soils were mainly recovered in easily extractable fractions, whereas Cu and Pb were complex bound. Concentrations of Pb in the residual fractionwere between two- and eightfold those in arable soils, indicatingthat the sequential extraction scheme did not reflect the solidphases affected by anthropogenic inputs. Cadmium and Zn conc. inthe rainwater leachates were within the range detected in Stockholm groundwater, while Cu and Pb conc. were higher, whichsuggests that Cu and Pb released from the surface soil were immobilised in deeper soil layers. In a soil highly contaminatedwith Hg, the Hg conc. in the leachate was above the median concentration, but still 50 times lower than the max concentration found in groundwater, indicating the possibilityof other sources. In conclusion, it proved difficult to quantitatively predict the mobility of metals in soils by sequential extractions.     

金属矿区周边农田土壤与农作物重金属健康风险评估

为探明金属矿区周边农田土壤与农作物重金属污染特征与人体健康风险,通过对矿区周边农田土壤和农作物进行样品采集并分析测定其Cd、Pb和As等重金属含量,采用地累积指数法、富集系数法和综合潜在生态风险指数法,研究土壤和农作物重金属的污染特征与综合潜在生态风险,采用蒙特卡罗模拟法进行土壤和农作物重金属的健康风险评估.结果表明,凉桥村土壤重金属污染主要是Cd、As和Pb,分别有100%、100%和75%以上土壤样品超过农田土壤筛选值（GB 15618-2018）,农作物中Cd、Pb、As、Cr和Ni这5种重金属的含量,均超标《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》（GB 2762-2017）严重;地累积指数和富集系数表明Cd和As污染严重,综合潜在生态风险指数（RI）普遍高于600,具有极高生态风险,其中Cd、As和Pb贡献最大,贡献率分别为77.8%、14.4%和3.1%.健康风险评估表明,凉桥村居民通过摄入农作物以及误食土壤造成较高的致癌风险（致癌风险>10-6）以及非致癌健康风险（危害商值>1）;蒙特卡罗模拟人群健康风险分析显示,凉桥村土壤重金属污染暴露途径下具有较高致癌与非致癌风...     

砷尾矿污染土壤的细菌群落结构多样性及其相关环境影响因子分析

以湖南石门雄黄尾矿污染土壤为对象,研究纵向不同深度、横向不同距离土样中的重金属污染程度以及细菌群落结构变化规律,查明砷污染土壤的核心微生物组成并将其与土壤理化指标进行共存网络图分析。结果表明:该尾矿区的土壤各项重金属指标严重超标,尤以铅(626.54 mg·kg^?1,Ei=105.48)、砷(1804.75 mg·kg^?1,Ei=565.75)、镉(31.46 mg·kg^?1,Ei=7491.5)的生态危害性最强;土壤采样深度与重金属综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)呈显著正相关(r=0.79,P=0.000),而横向样品中RI与采样距离显著负相关(r=?0.85,P=0.000)。在污染土壤中,变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria,54.35%±17.16%)和放线杆菌门(Actinobacteria,22.39%±10.64%)占主导地位,属层级中假单孢杆菌属(Pseudomonas,16.47%±11.84%)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter,8.07%±7.11%)以及硫酸状杆菌属(Acidithiobacillus,7.53%±14.68%)相对丰度较高;而26个共享类群占据了该尾矿污染土壤中微生物群落总平均相对丰度90%以上,尽管不同属的具体相对丰度在不同样品间的分布趋势差异较大。纵剖采集的污染土样中,铁原体属(Ferroplasma)、硫酸状杆菌属(Acidithiobacillus)、硫化杆菌属(Sulfobacillus)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira)占优势,与理化的共存网络图分析(相关系数|r|≥0.6,P<0.05)显示部分类群与亚铁、游离态砷和镉成显著正相关,而与pH成显著负相关;横向采集的土样中,以嗜酸菌属(Acidiphilium)、假单孢杆菌属(Pseudomonas)、棒状杆菌属(Corynebacterium)、硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)等为主,部分类群与总砷、铅成显著正相关,而与结合态或包蔽型砷成显著负相关。综上,该研究不仅对目标区域尾矿不同重金属污染程度进行了分析,同时探讨了污染土壤中核心响应类群的组成多样性,为筛选潜在重金属抗性菌群或工程菌群提供理论基础。     

宁夏养牛场粪污和周边土壤中抗生素及抗生素抗性基因分布特征

畜禽粪便是抗生素和抗生素抗性基因（antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs）重要的储存库.为揭示宁夏肉牛养殖场牛粪和养殖场周边土壤中抗生素及ARGs的分布特征,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法和高通量荧光定量法对不同规模的养牛场进行调查研究.结果表明：①牛粪中优势抗生素为四环素类、喹诺酮类和磺胺类.不同养殖期牛粪中抗生素含量差异显著;育肥前期和哺乳期抗生素含量较高,犊牛期相反.②土壤中以喹诺酮类和四环素类抗生素为主,喹诺酮类抗生素检出率和含量都最高.养殖场对周边土壤中抗生素的分布无影响;施用牛粪的土壤中喹诺酮类和四环素类抗生素含量显著增加.③牛粪中共检测到ARGs亚型79~142种,其中氨基糖苷类ARGs数目最多.育成期ARGs数目最多且相对丰度最高,犊牛期相反.所有养殖期牛粪中共存ARGs是tetQ、ermF和tetO-01.④土壤中ARGs亚型有35~79种,主要是多药类和氨基糖苷类ARGs.养殖场对周边土壤中ARGs的数目和相对丰度无影响;施用牛粪的土壤中ARGs数目和相对丰度都显著高于其他土壤.⑤磺胺类和氯霉素类ARGs在牛粪和土壤中都有水平移动的风险.牛粪中氨基糖苷类和四环素类ARGs相对丰度与其对应抗生素含量呈极显著相关.⑥对牛粪和土壤中各类ARGs相对丰度而言,氨基糖苷类与磺胺类和氯霉素类、可移动遗传元件（mobile genetic elements,MGEs）与氨基糖苷类和磺胺类均呈显著或极显著正相关,而大环内酯类与万古霉素类则呈显著负相关.本研究结果可为肉牛不同养殖期抗生素的使用和牛粪施用等提供理论依据.     

高氟病区茶园土壤氟形态及其分布特征

采用连续化学提取法,测定了黔西北高氟病区茶园土壤样品氟含量及氟的形态.结果表明:供试土壤全氟含量为314~3558mg/kg,平均为945mg/kg,高于全国土壤全氟平均含量(453mg/kg).不同类型供试土壤中全氟含量高低顺序为:棕壤和褐土(分别为1118和1114mg/kg)>黄棕壤(908mg/kg)>黄壤(681mg/kg).供试土壤中不同形态氟含量以残余态最高,其平均含量为940mg/kg;其次为有机束缚态氟,平均含量为7.82mg/kg,处于氟污染较高水平,可能会对人体健康和生态环境产生重要影响;铁锰结合态氟也较高,平均含量3.99mg/kg;水溶态氟和可交换态氟均较低,其平均含量分别为:1.98,1.14mg/kg.由此可见,土壤中氟形态大部分均以残余态形式存在于土壤中,可被茶树叶吸收的水溶态氟和可交换态氟含量均不高.相关性分析表明:可交换态氟只与水溶态氟呈显著正相关关系(r=0.459**),而水溶态氟与铁锰结合态氟、残余态氟和全氟均呈正相关关系(r分别为0.240*, 0.226*, 0.229*), 有机束缚态氟与铁锰结合态氟、残余态氟和全氟也呈正相关关系(r分别为0.757**, 0.312**, 0.320**),水溶态氟与土壤交换性盐基含量之间也呈极显著正相关关系,而土壤氟形态与有机质的相关性不明显,仅有机束缚态氟与土壤有机质呈弱负相关.本研究可为该区域土壤氟污染防治提供科学依据,也为土壤氟的迁移转化及其对生态和环境的影响研究奠定一定的理论基础.