Estimating source strengths of HCl and SO2 emissions in the flue gas from waste incineration

HCl and SO_2 emission is one of the major concerns related to municipal solid waste incinerator(MSWI). In this study, a material flow analysis model was developed to estimate the HCl and SO_2 concentrations in the MSWI flue gases(FGs), and their concentrations in the full-scale MSWI were monitored. The calculated concentrations of HCl and SO_2 in the FG were 770–1300 mg/Nm~3 and 150–640 mg/Nm~3, respectively, in close agreement with the monitored values. More than 99% of Cl and 92% of S from the FG were captured into solid residues by the air pollution control(APC) systems. Moreover, since only 48.4%–67.5% of Cl and 21.3%–53.4% of S were transferred to the FG from the municipal solid waste(MSW), it was more reliable to estimate the source strengths and release amounts of HCl and SO_2 in the FG based on the amounts of Cl and S in the APC residues(AR) and exhaust gas rather than in the MSW. This simple method is easily applicable and the estimated results could provide scientific basis for the appropriate design and operation of the APC systems as well as corrosion control of heat recovery systems.     

Impact of municipal solid waste incineration on heavy metals in the surrounding soils by multivariate analysis and lead isotope analysis

Municipal solid waste(MSW) incineration has become an important anthropogenic source of heavy metals(HMs) to the environment. However, assessing the impact of MSW incineration on HMs in the environment, especially soils, can be a challenging task because of various HM sources. To investigate the effect of MSW incineration on HMs in soils, soil samples collected at different distances from four MSW incinerators in Shanghai, China were analyzed for their contents of eight HMs(antimony, cadmium, chromium, copper,lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc) and lead(Pb) isotope ratios. Source identification and apportionment of HMs were accomplished using principal component analysis and Pb isotope analysis. Results indicated that the relatively high contents of cadmium, lead,antimony, and zinc in the soils at 250 m and 750–1250 m away from the MSW incinerators were related to MSW incineration, while the elevated contents of the other four HMs were associated with other anthropogenic activities. Based on Pb isotope analysis, the contribution ratio of MSW incineration(which had been operated for more than 14 years)to the accumulation of Pb in soil was approximately 10% on average, which was lower than coal combustion only. Incinerator emissions of Pb could have a measurable effect on the soil contamination within a limited area(≤1500 m).     

生活垃圾焚烧炉渣湿法处理工艺技术剖析

我国生活垃圾清运量已经超过1.8亿t/a。焚烧处理作为减量化的有效手段,已经在全国范围内普遍推广。生活垃圾焚烧后会产生焚烧量20%~25%的炉渣。国内焚烧发电项目全部投产后,预计每年将产生超过2 000万t炉渣。炉渣的及时稳定消纳成为保证生活垃圾焚烧发电项目顺利运行的关键。目前,国内对炉渣的处理主要采取湿法方式,在水的冲击作用下,实现铁、铜、锌等有价金属的回收,分选后的炉渣制备再生砌块。但湿法处理存在铝流失、水耗高、占地面积大、污泥污水产量大、再生砌块易开裂等问题,所以探索新型炉渣处理工艺技术迫在眉睫。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中钾盐浸出研究

通过物理化学表征手段和多因素水浸试验对城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的性质和飞灰中钾盐浸出规律进行研究.结果表明,飞灰的主要成分为CaO、KCl和NaCl,平均粒径为12.599μm,水洗后的飞灰颗粒粒径会变大,而比表面积变小.粒径范围0.037~0.075 mm飞灰中的金属元素含量对飞灰金属总量贡献率全部在60%左右.浸出过程中,在pH=12的条件下,搅拌强度为400 r·min~(-1),浸出温度为90℃,采用液固质量比为5∶1能使氯化钾的浸出率达到90%以上.浸出液中含有大量的可溶性氯化钾表明飞灰中的钾盐可以通过水洗、过滤、纯化、分布结晶的方式收,氯化钾晶体纯度可达到90%.     

Analysis of ingredient and heating value of municipal solid waste

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＭＳＷｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｓｖａｒｉｏｕｓｗａｓｔｅｓｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅｄｆｒｏｍ ｐｅｏｐｌｅ’ｓｄａｉｌｙｌｉｆｅａｎｄｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ.Ｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｏｆｐｅｏｐｌｅ’ｓｌｉｆｅ ,ｔｈｅｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇａｍｏｕｎｔｏｆＭＳＷｉｓｂｅｃｏｍｉｎｇａｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｂａｆｆｌｉｎｇｅｖｅｒｙｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ(Ｓｉｎｏ ＵＮ ,1999) .Ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｈａｎｄｌｉｎｇ ,ＭＳＷｍａｙｓｅｒｉｏｕｓｌｙｔｈｒｅａｔｅｎｐｅｏｐｌ…     

Baseline options and greenhouse gas emission reduction of clean development mechanism project in urban solid waste management

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) was adopted in the Kyoto Protocol as a flexibility mechanism to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) and has been started with such projects as improving efficiency of individual technology. Although applying various countermeasures to urban areas has significant potentials for reducing GHGs, these countermeasures have not been proposed as CDM projects in the practical stage. A CDM project needs to be validated that it will reduce GHGs additionally compared with a baseline, that is, a predictive value of GHG emissions in the absence of the project. This study examined the introduction of solid waste incineration with electricity generation into three different cities, A, B and C. The combination of main solid waste treatment and fuel source are landfill and coal, respectively, in City A, incineration and natural gas in City B, and landfill and hydro in City C. GHG emission reductions of each city under several baseline options assumed here were evaluated. Even if the same technology is introduced, the emission reduction greatly varies according to the current condition and the future plan of the city: 1043–1406 kg CO₂/t of waste in City A, 198–580 kg CO₂/t in City B, and wide range of zero to over 1000 kg CO₂/tin City C. Baseline options also cause significant difference in the emission reduction even in the same city (City C). Incinerating solid waste after removing plastics by source separation in City B increased GHG emission reduction potential up to 730–900 kg CO₂/t, which enhances the effectiveness as a CDM project. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

城市生活垃圾资源化途径之一--垃圾焚烧发电

文章通过垃圾焚烧发电工程实例,介绍了垃圾焚烧发电的原理、特点以及较好的经济效益、环境效益和社会效益,阐述了垃圾焚烧发电是符合循环经济模式,对当前解决垃圾处理问题的必要性.     

富含Cd、Pb植物焚烧处理方法的探讨

植物修复技术在重金属污染土壤修复领域有着良好的应用前景，而焚烧被认为是针对收获植物的一种有效后处理手段。采用富含Cd、Pb的野生植物铁芒萁(Dicranopteris pedata)，在450、650、850℃不同温度下进行了焚烧模拟试验，对焚烧过程中的灰分、Cd及Pb残留量的变化情况进行了探讨。结果表明，铁芒萁的灰分残留量可以降到10％以下，Cd、Pb在灰化过程中均有很大损失，直接利用底灰来进行Cd、Pb的冶炼回收不可行，烟气中的Cd、Pb可能产生二次污染，应采取措施加以防治。     

废弃塑料包装物的管理及资源、环境评价

由于塑料包装材料具有明显的资源优势,而获得广泛应用。但塑料材料的原料——石油,目前面临枯竭窘境。同时,塑料包装废弃物的处理存在巨大的环境压力。焚烧包括塑料包装废弃物在内的生活垃圾,用于发电,是日本曾经采取的方法。近年来,因存在难以逾越的生态环境问题,而逐渐废止。工业生态学的材料流的循环利用模式,是解决资源耗尽、废物充斥的理想方法。源头分离是城市固体废弃物资源化的前提条件。按塑料品种分类回收,以材料形式重复利用,保留了塑料的材料价值,还需要解决,再加工过程造成材料力学性能下降的问题。将单一品种塑料转化成单体,不同塑料品种的单体转化率有很大差距,缩合聚合物较高,而PP、PE等则不然。混合塑料的热裂解可获得化工原料和燃料,又达到减少垃圾总量和石油资源循环利用的效果,具有开发潜力。填埋方式占用土地又人为阻碍了有机垃圾回归生物圈。控制性堆肥对避免大量使用化肥、农药造成的生态环境灾难,再建农业生产的可持续性模式,发挥重要作用。生物降解塑料袋对堆肥的实施,具有特殊价值。PET和E-CO在食品包装某些应用领域有优势,而PVC食品包装物的使用和废弃后再利用都存在问题。     

利用EIA法快速筛查垃圾焚烧飞灰和烟气中的二恶英毒性水平

基于CAPE技术公司的兔子复合克隆抗体的二恶英(PCDD/F)酶免疫分析试剂盒,建立了快速检测垃圾焚烧飞灰和烟气中PCDD/F毒性(TEQ值)的方法.试剂盒的最低检测限为3.3pg·tube-1(即3.3pgTEQ每EIA试管),线性检测范围为10～30pg·tube-1.样品经甲苯索氏抽提后过硅胶柱连接小碳柱净化处理,TCDD/F的回收率大约为50%,与原飞灰PCDD/F分布模式相比净化处理后样品中的TCDD/F含量明显降低.用净化处理后的飞灰溶液作标准溶液,绘制PCDD/F剂量-效应关系曲线,定量分析了2个飞灰样品和2个烟气样品的TEQ浓度,结果表明分析样品的TEQ实测值(HRGC/HRMS分析获得)与预测值(标准曲线计算值)的相对偏差(Rd)均小于15%,说明用该方法定量分析垃圾焚烧飞灰和烟气中PCDD/F毒性是可行的.