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It is easy to get lost in the vast amount of knowledge that is currently produced. In this study, to get a comprehensive picture
of current scientific knowledge about global warming issues, we developed a mapping framework for global warming research
based on the relationships between nature and human society. The mapping includes seven phases: (1) socioeconomic activity
and greenhouse gas emissions, (2) carbon cycle and carbon concentration, (3) climate change and global warming, (4) impacts
on ecosystems and human society, (5) adaptation, (6) mitigation, and (7) social systems. We applied the findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report to the mapping. The quantity of research results and their reliability were analyzed on the basis of expert judgment to better
understand the extent to which current scientific knowledge provides answers to society’s major concerns. The quantity and
reliability of answers have increased in phases 2 and 3 relative to research in the Third Assessment Report. Although a large quantity of results have been produced in phases 4 and 6, they are not always sufficient. More studies
are required in phases 1, 5, and 7, and the reliability of existing knowledge needs to be improved in these phases. Mapping
global warming issues enabled us to visually comprehend the numerous and varied parts of global warming research as a whole
and to discern gaps in knowledge and other research shortfalls.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
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Yuji Hara Ai Hiramatsu Ryo Honda Makiko Sekiyama Hirotaka Matsuda 《Sustainability Science》2010,5(2):237-248
Throughout Asia, rapid and uncontrolled urbanization has created serious environmental problems, and the development of sustainable urban–rural planning methods is of critical importance. To improve our understanding of mixed urban–rural land uses and provide future practical visions for regional planning, we conducted a case study of the urban fringe of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand. After identifying local irrigation districts as the basic spatial unit for resource circulation, we quantified current material flows of organic wastes generated by households within each district. We then developed two different land-use scenarios for 2020: (1) a high-rise compact and (2) a low-story sprawl development scenario. These scenarios were compared in terms of efficiency of material flows and energy consumption. We found that, based on current infrastructure and technology, the latter scenario was more advantageous in terms of both material input and energy consumption than the former, thereby, identifying positive aspects of urban–rural land-use mixture. Based on these results, we propose that planners should focus on density control measures that take into account bioresource circulation within irrigation districts rather than simply drawing arbitrary land-use zoning lines. To this end, we suggest that the division between agricultural and urban planning departments must be bridged, and that research should take an interdisciplinary approach. 相似文献
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Haruna Amano Toshiaki Fujita Naoshi Hiramatsu Sayumi Sawaguchi Takahiro Matsubara Craig V. Sullivan Akihiko Hara 《Marine Biology》2007,150(6):1215-1225
Coralliophila abbreviata (Lamarck) is a corallivorous gastropod that lives and feeds on several species of scleractinian coral in the Western Atlantic
and Caribbean. Previous studies of C. abbreviata have revealed that snails on branching acroporid corals are larger and consume more tissue than those on massive and plating
corals. To ascertain whether snail life-history and fitness are differentially affected by the coral host, an analysis of
the age structure and female reproductive output of snail populations on three coral host taxa (Acropora palmata, Diploria spp., and Montastraea spp.) was conducted at four shallow (2–7 m depth) reef sites off Key Largo, Florida in June through August, 2004. Snails
were, on average, almost twice as large on A. palmata than on Diploria spp. and Montastraea spp., averaging 30.3 mm shell length, compared to 17.2 and 17.6 mm, respectively. Brood size increased as a power function
with female shell length. Females on A. palmata were significantly larger than females on the other two hosts and, therefore, produced more offspring per female. The number
of growth striae on the inner surface of the operculum was used to estimate snail age. Estimates of growth rate were obtained
by fitting the Gompertz growth function to size-at-age plots and mortality was estimated using growth parameters and size-frequency
data. The data suggest that C. abbreviata inhabiting A. palmata are larger than on alternative hosts due to a combination of a faster growth rate and longer life-span. The species is believed
to be a protandrous hermaphrodite. The timing of sex change varied among hosts; snails on A. palmata changed sex later at larger sizes relative to those on the other two hosts. Based on these results, it seems probable that
C. abbreviata has developed reaction norms for life-history traits, allowing snails to adjust and maximize fitness in the different environments
associated with various coral hosts. 相似文献
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Amanda D. Melin Linda M. Fedigan Chihiro Hiramatsu Shoji Kawamura 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(5):659-670
Many species of platyrrhine primates are characterised by sex-linked color vision polymorphism. This presents an opportunity
to study the biology and ecology of individuals with different phenotypes living in the same group. Several evolutionary processes
could maintain polymorphic genes in populations. In this study, we evaluate the hypothesis that foraging niche divergence
among monkeys explains the presence of multiple color vision phenotypes. Specifically, we test whether dichromats and trichromats
differ in foraging time devoted to cryptic vs brightly colored resources. We did not find any differences in foraging time
spent on different food types by dichromatic and trichromatic monkeys in two groups of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) living in a tropical dry forest. We conclude that in so far as these variables are concerned, niche divergence does not
likely explain color vision polymorphism in our study population. 相似文献
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Hiramatsu Ai Hanaki Keisuke Aramaki Toshiya 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2003,8(3):293-310
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) was adopted in the Kyoto Protocol as a flexibility mechanism to reduce greenhouse gases
(GHGs) and has been started with such projects as improving efficiency of individual technology. Although applying various
countermeasures to urban areas has significant potentials for reducing GHGs, these countermeasures have not been proposed
as CDM projects in the practical stage. A CDM project needs to be validated that it will reduce GHGs additionally compared
with a baseline, that is, a predictive value of GHG emissions in the absence of the project. This study examined the introduction
of solid waste incineration with electricity generation into three different cities, A, B and C. The combination of main solid
waste treatment and fuel source are landfill and coal, respectively, in City A, incineration and natural gas in City B, and
landfill and hydro in City C. GHG emission reductions of each city under several baseline options assumed here were evaluated.
Even if the same technology is introduced, the emission reduction greatly varies according to the current condition and the
future plan of the city: 1043–1406 kg CO2/t of waste in City A, 198–580 kg CO2/t in City B, and wide range of zero to over 1000 kg CO2/tin City C. Baseline options also cause significant difference in the emission reduction even in the same city (City C).
Incinerating solid waste after removing plastics by source separation in City B increased GHG emission reduction potential
up to 730–900 kg CO2/t, which enhances the effectiveness as a CDM project.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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